st francis 44 catamaran review

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St.Francis 44 MKII Cat - Any info?

• Thread starter Jack Haines
• Start date 8 Jan 2009

Jack Haines

Mby deputy editor.

Hello all, I have a friend who is interested in a St.Francis 44 MKII catamaran. Does anyone on the forum have any experience of these boats or know what they are like? Any feedback or links to reviews etc would be greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance, JB  

Phoenix of Hamble

Active member.

You need to track down Gludy of this forum... he has a St Francis on order  

Thank you, a PM has been sent!  

Go on to the Cruisers & Sailing forum and look up a guy called Schoonerdog he actually has a St Francis 44 MkII.  

Hi Yes I have a 50 on order and there is a dedicated St Francis Forum here http://www.multihulls4us.com If you post a message there owners of 44 will respond. Almost every St Francis is cruising the world at present and there is an active user group that can be joined an linked to here [email protected] There are many 44 owners in that group. I think your friend will receive a lot of help and first hand info. St Francis have built about 80 boats and it seems almost everyone is out there cruising.  

Brilliant, thanks for that I shall let my mate know.  

• 26 Jan 2009

I owned a St. Francis 44 for about 6 years, chartered it and lived aboard in the Caribbean. The boat is soundly built and a great live aboard. The only criticisms I had were the low bridge-deck clearance and the forward heads that gave endless trouble as they are below the waterline and seeped back. Otherwise the boat was a pleasure to sail, we put in over 25,000 nm without a hitch.  

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A Little About St. Francis 44 Catamarans

Taken from the St. Francis Marine website ...

In 1988, Duncan Lethbridge, a successful real estate developer, builder & sailing champion, decided to take his family cruising. Angelo Lavranos, an acclaimed naval architect, was commissioned to design a comfortable cruising catamaran. The launch of his first St Francis 43 led to an unprecedented demand from friends and the local yachting fraternity, a small factory was built to meet the needs. This has grown to become a modern 4000 sqm building facility situated in St Francis Bay, South Africa, approximately 100km West of Port Elizabeth, where the moderately dry climate with small temperature variations (between 16 and 25˚C) produces a naturally air-conditioned environment, ideal for GRP manufacture. Through a program of continuous product development we have refined our original 43 (still sailing and doing well in the Arc Race) to become the ST Francis 44 MK II, in which we won the Cape to Rio Race convincingly beating all other catamarans, including three 50 footers to be the first multihull to cross the line and first on handicap. Customer demands for more luxury required a total rethink, as the weight of generators, air-con, electric WC's, holding tanks, freezers, watermaker, fridges, new electronics and large tenders on a 44' put on such a load that killed its speed lively brisk handling. The solution was to spread the same load over a larger area hence still maintaining and surpassing the 44's handling. Angelo Lavranos was again put to the test of designing the new 50, which on its debut won Cruising World's "Best Cruising Catamaran" of the year 2006 and the South African award for best sailing craft over 10m. Although we were prohibited from entering the same competition with the same design we have not stopped our development. Modern weight saving and other improvements are still being sort. Some firsts in the development of St Francis Catamarans:

Swapped centre boards for keels Advantages - shallower draft, protects sail drive, props & rudders, able to dry out in tidal zones.

Midships engines with sail drive leg protruding out to the inner side of the hull Advantages - weight centralized, engines, batteries, water & fuel, minimizes hobby horsing (pitching). Safer & more comfortable.

First to fit swim platform to catamarans Advantages - ideal extension to cockpit, easy access to and from water, excellent place to stow tender and clean fish.

First boom extension for davits Advantages - out of the way and easy to manage, able to lift larger tenders, can be used as a crane.

Stow away swim ladders Advantages - out of the way especially when boarding from boats & jetties.

Boarding stairs between front trampolines Advantages - easy dry access when bows placed up on beach, ideal for swimming especially for the elderly as large steps, start about one meter below the water surface.

Solid bimini top with windows that can open to chosen setting and side screens Advantages - all control lines come aft, safer & dry in inclement weather, an extension to the saloon, can be open or closed. Bimini top can accommodate over 1200 watts of solar panels, ideal for the fitment of satellite domes, etc.

Rain water catchment Bimini top edge acts as a hand grip and gutter catching rain to be piped overboard or into water tanks.

Forward & Aft facing hatches Advantages - aft cabins & saloon have forward & aft openings catching the breeze and providing good cross ventilation.

Scoop stern inner side cut off Advantages - easy boarding from tender with no raised edge to step over

Seats in bow and stern of each hull Advantages - aesthetic finish and ideal view platform for dolphin watching

Interior ergonomically designed from the sitz bath/shower with laundry bin to no sharp corners or catches, 360˚ vision from saloon, safety stairs, dimmable lighting, dish dryer add up to provide a comfortable safe environment.

1994 St. Francis 44 Mark II

Vessel summary, sold catamaran birdwing 1994 st. francis 44 mark ii.

BASIC SUMMARY

DIMENSIONS & SPECIFICATIONS

HULL AND DECK CONFIGURATION

ENGINE DETAILS

GENERATOR DETAILS

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Boat Description

$579,000 | Used | Sail | 42 ft

$0 | Used | Sail | 41 ft

$649,000 | Used | Sail | 42 ft

$478,000 | Used | Sail | 45 ft

$335,000 | Used | Sail | 44 ft

$895,000 | Used | Sail | 45 ft

The Company offers the details of this vessel in good faith but cannot guarantee or warrant the accuracy of this information nor warrant the condition of the vessel. A buyer should instruct his agents, or his surveyors to investigate such details as the buyer desired validated. This vessel is offered subject to prior sale, price change, or withdrawal without notice. Photos may not properly reflect the current condition of the actual vessel offered for sale. In some cases stock photographs may have been used.

Mechanical Disclaimer

Engine and generator hours are as of the date of the original listing and are a representation of what the listing broker is told by the owner and/or actual reading of the engine hour meters. The broker cannot guarantee the true hours. It is the responsibility of the purchaser and/or his agent to verify engine hours, warranties implied or otherwise and major overhauls as well as all other representations noted on the listing.

Dinghy Disclaimer

All dinghies are considered separate vessels and should have separate titles and documents. There is no guarantee as to the title of the dinghy on this vessel so Buyer accepts that while he may receive the dinghy included in the transaction, he may not receive the proper title to it.

St Francis Catamaran 44

Used yachts for sale, sail catamarans 40ft > 50ft,        st francis catamaran boats for sale, st francis catamaran 44 boats for sale.

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St. Francis 50

• By Nim Marsh
• Updated: August 30, 2006

“Hey, I can read my notes! I must be on a multihull” was my cheerful thought during our Boat of the Year test sail as the St. Francis 50, a South African-built catamaran, bounded upwind into a short chop at 10.5 knots in 26 to 30 knots of apparent wind.

The St. Francis, close-reaching with full-battened main and rolled-out genny, simply flew, topping out at 12.2 knots. With the wind a steady 30, I walked forward without using the handrails and had a nice ride in the pulpit seat. Sailhandling on this 50-footer is trouble-free; the main is raised with the windlass and furls into lazy jacks and a boom-mounted sail pouch.

This particular boat, Aphrodite, had been sold to a couple bound for Europe in 2007. A passerelle for Med mooring was stored in a portside locker beneath the aft deck; a smaller starboard locker has room for windsurfers and fishing rods. The owners had sailed a 45-foot monohull from California to the Bahamas and wanted a larger boat for the gear and toys of family and guests. A big cruising cat with lots of stowage, very private cabins, and spacious common areas seemed the answer, and the St. Francis 50 fit the bill.

The boat’s cockpit-covered by a Targa wing arch and hard overhead with three solar panels-is simple: U-shaped settee and drop-leaf table to port, settee and two-person helm seat with adjustable back to starboard. The companionway sliding door is wide but surprisingly low-even I, at 5 feet 7 inches, hit my head going through it. When you enter the saloon of the galley-down version we sailed, you step onto a wood-grain Formica sole. The motion, or lack of it, is surreal. To starboard is a dinette with drop-leaf table that could easily seat eight and, to port, a large “nav center” with an unanchored stool. While multihulls are stable, I’d fasten this seat down. The U-shaped nav station has a desk large enough to handle full-size, unfolded, paper charts. On either side is a fiddled countertop with storage below. The owners installed a chart plotter, radar, SSB and VHF radios, a DC battery-management panel, 12/220-volt control panels, and a fuel-tank sender on the console. A freezer and icemaker are just to port of the companionway.

Aphrodite’s galley-counter, sinks, and four-burner stove outboard; counter, fridge, and microwave inboard-is four steps down in the port hull. Aft of the galley is a head with sink, shower, and vanity, then a cabin with full queen, a settee at its foot (access to the engine is under it), a vanity, and a small pilot berth inboard. Forward of the galley is both an athwartships forward cabin with settee and vanity and another head with shower.

The starboard living quarters have a head/shower with private access from the cabin aft, with its full queen, hanging locker, and vanity. Moving forward, there’s office space, with a desk and a bookshelf above; a mini-library opposite, with louvered doors and filing areas; then a large vanity with 10 shelves, a drawer, and a deep bin. An athwartships queen is forward of this, and there’s a head, with a tub and shower, in the bow.

At trial’s end, we dropped the sails and powered easily on one engine toward the harbor at an economical 8.7 knots. When motoring, the owners run the engine opposite the cabin they’re using. While the laminated joiner work and finish are good, the welds polished, and the fiberglass well faired, the St. Francis 50 isn’t a fancy boat. From its sparse cabins to its workmanlike cockpit, it’s designed and built for easy, low-maintenance living in port and under way-a fine philosophy for any cruising boat.

St. Francis 50 Specs

LOA: 50′ 0″ (15.25 m.) LWL: 47′ 0″ (14.35 m.) Beam: 26′ 3″ (8.00 m.) Draft: 4′ 2″ (1.25 m.) Sail Area: 1,100 sq. ft. (102 sq. m.) Displacement: 32,500 lb. (14,742 kg.) Water: 360 gal. (1,363 l.) Fuel: 222 gal. (840 l.) Engines: 54-hp. Yanmar saildrives Designer: Angelo Lavranos Sailaway Price: $793,000 St. Francis, +27 42 2940181, www.stfranciscatamaran.co.za

• More: 2001 - 2010 , 41 - 50 ft , Coastal Cruising , keelboat , monohull , Sailboat Reviews , Sailboats
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Brand: Knysna 440

The Knysna 440 was built on the famous hulls of the St Francis 44 designed by Angelo Lavranos. The builder (Knysna Yacht Co) added a new topside structure to give her more headroom throughout and moved the engines aft to increase interior space. It is fast with modern prismatic hulls, power generating wide beam and the highest quality finishes, fittings and workmanship. This catamaran has a stable configuration, excellent handling ability and Airex foam core vacuum bag construction. Production ran from 2004 to 2009 with 22 hulls built.

There are no catamarans currently for sale of this brand.

Please see our catamarans for sale page for a full listing of other currently available models.

Educational Articles

Knysna 440 review: upgraded st francis 44.

In 2002 Knysna Yacht Company (pronounced “Knees-nuh”) set out to become a boutique builder for high quality, semi-custom catamarans. Building on the legacy of the South African catamaran industry, the company purchased the tooling for the Angelo Lavranos designed St. Francis 44 hulls. Then Knysna changed the cabin and interior layout and the weight balance to launch their own take on the cruising catamaran.

The Knysna engineers found that the St. Francis 44, a successful cruising design, still had room for improvement in areas of interior volume, cabin height and weight distribution.…

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pdq 44 catamaran for sale

water crisis in india essay 250 words

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Essay On Water Crisis In India | Water Crisis Essay 250+ Words

Hello Friend, In this post “ Essay On Water Crisis In India | Water Crisis Essay 250+ Words “. we will read about Water Crisis In India and Its Solution & Causes as an Essay in detail with an In-depth Analysis. So…

Let’s Start…

The five elements have been considered the basis for life and one of them is also water . Life cannot be imagined without water. If there was no water, then the creation of the universe would not have been possible.

The importance of water can also be understood from the fact that the great civilizations of the world developed on the banks of rivers and all the ancient cities are located on the banks of rivers, but today there is no value of natural resources in the blind race of development.

In the guise of luxury , man has exploited water so much that today half of the world’s population does not even have access to clean drinking water .

India is also not untouched by this and all the reports are strongly reiterating that if we are not able to manage water resources properly, then we will be craving for every drop of water in the coming days.

The importance of water for human existence is clear from this saying “ Water is life “. Water is one of the most important resources of nature. Today many countries of the world, including India, are standing at the mouth of this water crisis .

According to a recent report, Chennai ranks first in water-stressed cities around the world. Among the top 20 cities in the world facing a water crisis , 4 cities are in India , besides Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai, and Delhi are included in this list.

NITI Aayog also believes that India is facing a severe water crisis and there is a possibility of water depletion in many cities by 2030 .

NITI Aayog has also warned the country about the seriousness of the water crisis . According to the NITI Aayog , the water crisis has taken a formidable form in many cities of the country.

Water will be on the verge of running out by 2030 , and the people of Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, and Hyderabad will have to face this difficulty the most.

Water problems will start from 2020-21 . After some time, about 10 crore people will take a lot of trouble due to water.

Access to drinking water will be lost to about 40% of the people of the country and there is a possibility of a 6% loss to GDP due to the water crisis .

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Water Crisis  has become a huge problem in India . Under the pressure of urbanization and industrialization , the level of groundwater is continuously falling down.

Many states of the country are struggling with water problems , due to indiscriminate exploitation of water, the water level from inside the ground is continuously falling down.

The reservoirs are drying up and the water flow in the rivers is decreasing. According to the Central Ground Water Board , the level of groundwater has reduced considerably due to the decreasing rainfall from year to year.

55% of the country’s wells have dried up. In the last 10 years , the level of groundwater has reduced by 54% . Every year due to the rising heat, the problem of drought is expected to become more serious.

The annual average rainfall in India is 1170 millimeters, which is about 6 times more than the western US , despite this, about 100 million people in urban areas do not have access to clean drinking water.

In rural areas of India, 70 percent of people drink polluted water, and 33% of people live in a place where there is severe drought every year.

According to the World Bank report , more than 3 lakh farmers have committed suicide in India due to drought during the last 20 years .

Although there are many rivers in the country, due to pollution , the quality of available water is very poor.

In many places, the water of rivers is not worth bathing, due to the increasing population , the demand for water is also increasing.

In India, 85 percent of the total water consumption is used in agriculture, 10% in industries, and 5% in households.

According to the World Bank, by 2030 the demand for water in India will be twice the total supply.

In 1994 the presence of water was 6000 cubic meters per person, In 2000 it was reduced to 2300 cubic meters and by 2030 the availability of water is expected to be only 1600 cubic meters per person.

There is no solid water conservation policy in the country, due to disturbances in the distribution network in cities, millions of gallons of water are wasted daily. 65% of the rainwater flows across the country into the sea.

Every day 4 lakh liters of water are released into dirty drains but only 20% of these are reused.

If only 5% of the total rainfall in the country is preserved, then the year-long needs of more than 100 crores of people can be fulfilled.

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Causes Of Water Crisis ( Essay On Water Crisis In India)

• The increasing population used the water excessively and did not take any steps to conserve water, which has led to the drying up of many rivers, ponds, and water wells across the country.
• An increase in population is also a reason for the decrease in the level of groundwater.
• Rivers water has been stopped by building dams in the basins of many rivers . However, it is claimed that the water of the dam is being provided to the farmers. but, the thermal canal plants, nuclear power plants, and industrial units are making maximum use of the water that is being continuously stopped from the dam . The farmer relies on borewell or tubewell water for irrigation of the farm.
• Groundwater not being properly recharged is also an important reason for the water crisis .
• The increasing number of borewells is also a major cause of the water crisis . Not only for the farmers but also for d omestic needs , people are installing submersible pumps and these are also causing water waste in many places. As a result of this, the water level has gone up to 70-100 feet deep in areas where water was available at a depth of 20-30 feet till 10 years ago .
• Groundwater is also being extracted for industrial needs is also a major cause of the water crisis .
• Apart from indiscriminate water exploitation , climate change is also a reason for falling water levels. Over the years, monsoon rainfall has not been uniform, that is, excessive rainfall has occurred in many areas, while many areas are experiencing drought .
• The water that was rained could not be conserved, that is, lack of awareness has increased the problems.
• Constant tree cutting is also increasing the water crisis .
• In the village too, destroying small ponds and canals is also going to cause a water crisis .
• Under the law in India, the owner of the land also owns the water while the groundwater is a shared resource. But there is no better punitive provision against those who wastewater .
• To overcome all these problems , the Government of India has constituted the “ Ministry of Jal Shakti ” to work extensively with the state on water harvesting and water conservation across the country.
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Solution For Water Crisis ( Essay On Water Crisis In India)

Several effective measures are needed to avoid a water crisis such as: –

• Proper management of water, land, and forest
• Prohibition of excessive groundwater exploitation
• Proper use of water in ponds and lakes
• Keeping water free from pollution
• Need to make check dams on rivers and drains
• Apart from all this, water purification is also a better solution for water conservation .
• 85% of the rainwater flows into the sea through rivers, if this water is transported inside the earth, it will have two benefits . One, the problem of the flood will be less and secondly, the level of groundwater will also increase . So, rainwater harvesting is needed to overcome water scarcity and improve the present situation.
• There is also a lot of water consumption in agriculture , there is a need to popularize drip and sprinkler systems for irrigation.
• Groundwater levels can be increased by adopting artificial recharge techniques in hilly areas .
• Groundwater level can be increased by saving wastewater through sloping rivers and drains in rural areas through artificial recharge .
• Water Crises can also be avoided by using water monitoring, efficient water management, and advanced techniques .

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India’s Water Crisis – How to Solve it?

From Current Affairs Notes for UPSC » Editorials & In-depths » This topic

Water is the most valuable natural resource as it is essential for human survival and life on earth. However, the availability of freshwater for human consumption is highly under stress because of a variety of factors. This crisis of water scarcity is most visible in India as well as in other developing countries.

This topic of “India’s Water Crisis – How to Solve it?” is important from the perspective of the UPSC IAS Examination , which falls under General Studies Portion.

What is water scarcity?

• Water scarcity is the lack of freshwater resources to satisfy water demand.
• It is manifested by partial or no satisfaction of expressed demand, economic competition for water quantity or quality, disputes between users, irreversible groundwater depletion, and negative effects on the environment.
• It affects every continent and was categorised in 2019 by the World Economic Forum as one of the largest global risks with respect to its potential impact over the next decade.
• One-third of the global population (2 billion people) live under situations of severe water scarcity at least one month of the year.
• Half a billion people in the world affected by severe water scarcity all year round.
• Half of the world’s largest cities have been facing water scarcity.

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How is the water scarcity measured?

• The absolute minimum water requirement for domestic usage is 50 litres per person per day, though 100-200 litres is often recommended.
• Considering the needs of agriculture, industry and energy sectors, the recommended minimum annual per capita requirement is about 1700 cubic meters .
• If a country like India has only about 1700 cu. meters water per person per year, it will experience only occasional or local water distress .
• If the availability falls below this threshold level, the country will start to experience periodic or regular water stress .
• If the water availability declines below 1000 cu. meters, the country will suffer from chronic water scarcity . Lack of water will then start to severely affect human health and well-being as well as economic development.
• If the annual per capita supply declines below 500 cu. meters, the country will reach the stage of absolute scarcity .

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What is the status of water availability in India?

• India receives 4000 bcm (billion cubic metres) rainfall each year. Out of this, 1869 bcm remains after evaporation = The actual availability is only 1137 bcm.
• Even in that 1137 bcm of water, there is a lot of temporal as well as regional variations in the availability.
• For instance, on the one side, there are water surplus states such as Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and on the other side, there are water scarce states such as Maharashtra (Vidarbha, Beed), Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat.
• Moreover, some states that are known to be water abundant such as Punjab, Haryana have their own issues.

What is the magnitude of the water crisis in India?

• Currently, the annual availability of water is 1123 bcm in India and the demand is around 750 bcm. However, by 2050 the annual demand for water will be 1180 bcm which will exceed the water availability = wide ramifications for the country.
• 70% of India’s water is contaminated.
• 75% of households do not have drinking water on its premises.
• 84% of rural households do not have access to piped water.
• 54% of the country’s groundwater is declining rapidly than it is being replenished.
• India’s water table is declining in most regions. Also, there is a presence of toxic elements like fluoride, arsenic, mercury, even uranium in our groundwater.
• Water levels in India’s major reservoirs have fallen to 21% of the average of the last decade.
• Hundreds of small and seasonal rivers are perishing permanently.
• Almost all the major perennial rivers remain stagnant.
• Cauvery and its tributaries haven’t met the ocean for decades; the upstream dams choke its flows downstream, affecting people in Tamil Nadu.
• Krishna river runs dry in her delta region for most of the year.
• According to NITI Aayog’s water quality index, India ranks 120 th among 122 countries.

What is the recent water crisis in India?

• Maharashtra is facing a water crisis of unprecedented proportions. After years of drought, the river currents have ebbed, water in dams and reservoirs have depleted and over-exploitation of groundwater has raised concerns regarding the long-term availability of water.
• Meanwhile, media reports claim IT firms in Chennai are asking employees to work from home. The reason is that they don’t have enough water to sustain their operations. It hasn’t rained for almost 200 days in the city and it may not get adequate rain to get over the water crisis for the next 3 months.
• In North India, the people of arid Thar Desert of Rajasthan are spending Rs. 2500 for getting 2500 litres of water which they share with their cattle.
• With Punjab facing the threat of desertification and the state struggling to break away from the wheat-paddy cycle, farmers in the state have been adopting a decade-old scheme to utilise underground pipeline system for irrigation.
• In light of this crisis, Central government on its part has created a Jal Shakti Ministry under a full-fledged cabinet minister to resolve the water crisis but a lot more needs to be done.

What are the reasons for this crisis?

Monsoon dependence:.

There is a huge dependence on monsoon rains to replenish most of India’s important water sources such as underground aquifers, lakes, rivers, and reservoirs . But monsoon is vulnerable to factors such as climate change, El-Nino , etc.

Uneven distribution of water and Rainfall pattern :

Certain regions have surplus amounts of water for their need while others face perennial droughts for most of the year. For instance, Drought is a recurrent phenomenon in Andhra Pradesh where no district is entirely free of droughts. Rajasthan is one of the most drought-prone areas of India.

Increasing demand :

Population growth, industrialization, rapid urbanisation, rising needs of irrigation and increase in domestic water usage have accelerated the demand for water. Since urbanization increases in India at a rapid pace = water demand will increase rapidly as city dwellers consume more water than rural people.

Urbanisation & Water scarcity:

• Currently, about 285 million or 33% of India’s total population resides in urban areas. By 2050 this figure will reach 50%.
• Rapid urbanisation is adding to the water scarcity issue in the country.
• Presence of buildings, tar, and cement roads = even if a city like Mumbai gets good rains, the rainwater is not retained in the area as the water is not allowed to percolate underground.
• Therefore, water required for cities is largely drawn from neighbouring villages and far-off rivers and lakes = threatening the availability in those areas.
• Large cities also generate large quantities of urban sewage which pollutes the freshwater sources and ocean waters. However, only about 20% of urban wastewater is currently treated globally. In India, the figure is even lower.

Overexploitation :

• In developing countries like India, groundwater fulfills nearly 80% of irrigation requirement = resulted in a fast depletion of groundwater sources.
• Free power and inefficient utilisation of water by farmers has added to the issue of groundwater depletion.
• The groundwater and sand extraction from most river beds and basins has turned unsustainable.
• Tanks and ponds are encroached upon.
• Dug-wells and borewells are carelessly built to slide deeper and deeper to suck water from greater depths.

Shift to cash-crops:

Water is being diverted from food crops to cash crops that consume an enormous quantity of water.

Inefficient cultivation practices:

• In India, around 70% of the population is still dependent on agriculture for its livelihood.
• Since the adoption of Green Revolution in the 1960s, nearly 50% of the food production comes from irrigated land.
• But inefficient cultivation practices have led to the flooding of fertile land which in turn has caused salinization, siltation of reservoirs, etc = causing groundwater reserves of major agricultural states to be depleted at an alarming rate.

Water Pollution :

• Release of industrial and domestic waste, including urban sewage, into rivers, lakes, and estuaries has polluted freshwater sources at an alarming rate in India = those fresh water sources are not fit for drinking or other activities.
• Eutrophication of surface water and coastal zones is expected to increase almost everywhere leads to nitrogen pollution .

What are the impacts of the water crisis?

Economic growth: A Niti Aayog report predicted that water demand will be twice the present supply by 2030 and India could lose up to 6% of its GDP during that time.

Power supply: Water shortages are hurting India’s capacity to generate electricity because 40% of thermal power plants are located in areas where water scarcity is high.

Agricultural crisis: Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on monsoon (not dependable) + Ineffective agricultural practices in irrigated areas = Water stress in agriculture = Poor Cultivation = Farmer suicides .

Drinking water scarcity: Not only farmers are affected by the water crisis, urban dwellers in cities and towns across India are also facing a never seen before drinking water scarcity.

Conflicts over water : In India, there are conflicts between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over sharing of Cauvery waters, between Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh over sharing of Narmada waters, between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana over sharing of Krishna waters, etc.

What are the measures taken by the government?

Across the country, states are taking the lead:.

• In Rajasthan, there is a scheme named ‘Mukhya Mantri Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan’. One of its objectives is to facilitate effective implementation of water conservation and water harvesting related activities in rural areas.
• Maharashtra has launched a project called ‘Jalyukt-Shivar’, which seeks to make 5000 villages free of water scarcity every year.
• accelerating the development of minor irrigation infrastructure,
• strengthening community-based irrigation management and
• adopting a comprehensive programme for restoration of tanks.

Jal Shakti Abhiyan:

• It is a collaborative initiative of various Union Ministries and State Governments, being coordinated by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS).
• Focus Area: is water-stressed districts (256) and blocks (1592).
• Team: Central government officers, headed by joint secretaries and additional secretaries, are assigned to these 256 districts and district administration will also select 2 members to join the team. This team of officers from the central government and district administration will visit and work on water-stressed districts and blocks to ensure water conservation initiatives.
• The campaign is centered on 5 aspects
• Water conservation and rainwater harvesting
• Renovation of traditional and other water bodies/tanks
• Reuse of water and recharging of structures like bore well
• Watershed development
• Intensive afforestation
• Significance: With this initiative, the government seeks to provide drinking water to all households on a priority and in a sustainable way. It is also expected to bring a positive mindset in people for water conservation. The campaign will assist people to work for rainwater harvesting, maintenance, and upkeep of ponds and village tanks and conservation of water.

Jal Shakti Mantralaya

• The government has created a new Ministry named ‘Jal Shakti’after merging Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation with the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
• Providing clean drinking water,
• International and inter-states water disputes,
• Namami Gange project aimed at cleaning Ganga and its tributaries, and sub-tributaries.
• The ministry will launch the government’s ambitious plan (‘Nal se Jal’ scheme under jal jivan plan) to provide piped drinking water supply to every household in India by 2024.
• This Move seeks to consolidate the administration and bringing water-related issues such as conservation, development, management, and abatement of pollution under a single ministry.
• National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) is responsible for implementing the centrally sponsored national river conservation plan for all rivers across the country except river Ganga and its tributaries (as issues regarding Ganga and its tributaries are taken up by National Mission for Clean Ganga).

Jal Jeevan Mission *

Atal Bhujal Yojana *

•  It is a world bank funded central scheme that aims to improve groundwater management at the national level… Read More .

Can a new water ministry tackle the worst water crisis in Indian history?

• Experts are of the opinion that an exclusive ministry can only bring about a cosmetic but not a real change.
• Water is a state subject = Unless states make specific requests the centre cannot intervene.

What are the solutions to the water crisis in India?

Good water management practices :

• India receives adequate annual rainfall through the south-west monsoon. However, most regions of the country are still water deficient mainly because of inefficient water management practices.
• Rainwater harvesting should be encouraged on a large scale, especially, in cities where the surface runoff of rainwater is very high.
• Roof-top rainwater harvesting can also be utilised to recharge groundwater by digging percolation pits around the house and filling it with gravel.
• Indian cities need to learn from Cape Town of South Africa which when faced with the water crisis in 2018 had announced “ Day Zero “. During that day, water-taps in the city turned off = people had to use communal water-taps to conserve water. Restrictions on water use per person were also fixed.
• Since water is a state subject in India state governments should take active measures and create awareness for the minimal use of water.

Interlinking of rivers :

• Interlinking of rivers is a topic that has been discussed and debated for several years as a possible permanent solution to the water crisis in the country.
• The 3 primary advantages mentioned in favour of the scheme are (1) droughts will never occur (2) there will be no more floods in the major rivers and (3) an additional 30,000 MW of hydropower will be generated.

Coordination in aquifer usage: There is an urgent need for coordination among users for aquifers. There should be laws and contracts for sharing of aquifers. Groundwater aquifer mapping has started only recently in India which is a welcome step.

River basin authority: There should be a River Basin Authority for sharing information among states since most of the rivers in India pass through different states.

Coordinated efforts among states for management of groundwater at a localized level.

Community-level management: At the village level, there can be decentralized management of water at the community level.

Charging money for efficient use of water (like electricity). For example- Water ATMs at Marathwada provide water @25 paisa per litre a day.

Good Cultivation practices:

• Changing the cropping pattern, crop diversification and encouraging water use efficiency in agriculture by moving towards food crops from cash crops.
• Innovative farming practices like precision farming , zero budget natural farming , etc. could be employed for efficient water utilisation.

Incentive-based water conservation in rural parts of the water-stressed regions is another solution.

• For example, if a particular level of groundwater level is maintained, higher MSP can be provided to the farmers of that region.
• MSP can also be provided based on crop’s water usage = Crops that consume a high amount of water will get less MSP.

Way forward

India is not a water deficit country, but due to severe neglect and lack of monitoring of water resource development projects, many regions in the country face water stress from time to time. Therefore balancing water demand with available supply is the need of the hour for future economic growth and development as well as for the sustenance of human life.

New National Water Policy (NWP)

In November 2019, the Ministry of Jal Shakti had set up a committee to draft the new National Water Policy (NWP). This was the first time that the government asked a committee of independent experts to draft the policy.

Highlights of NWP

1) demand-side: diversification of public procurement operations.

• Irrigation utilizes 80-90% of India’s water , most of which is used by rice, wheat, and sugarcane.
• Therefore, crop diversification is the single most crucial step in addressing India’s water crisis.
• The policy recommends diversifying public procurement operations to include Nutri-cereals, pulses, and oilseeds.
• This would incentivize farmers to diversify their cropping patterns, resulting in huge savings of water.

2) Reduce-Recycle-Reuse

• Reduce-Recycle-Reuse has been suggested as the basic mantra of integrated urban water supply and wastewater management, with the treatment of sewage and eco-restoration of urban river stretches, as far as possible via decentralised wastewater management.
• All non-potable use like flushing, fire protection, vehicle washing should mandatorily shift to treated wastewater.

3) Supply-side measure: Using technology to use stored water in dams

• Within supply-side options, the NWP points to trillions of litres stored in big dams, that are still not reaching farmers.
• NWP recommends how the irrigated areas could be considerably expanded at very low cost by using pressurised closed conveyance pipelines, in addition to Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)  systems and pressurised micro-irrigation.

4) Supply of water through “nature-based solutions”

• The NWP places major importance on the supply of water via “nature-based solutions” like the rejuvenation of catchment areas, to be incentivised through compensation for ecosystem services.
• Specially curated “blue-green infrastructure” like rain gardens and bio-swales, restored rivers with wet meadows, wetlands constructed for bio-remediation, urban parks, permeable pavements, green roofs etc are suggested for urban areas.

5) Sustainable and equitable management of groundwater

• Information on  aquifer boundaries , water storage capacities and flows provided in a user-friendly manner to stakeholders, assigned as custodians of their aquifers, would allow them to create protocols for effective management of groundwater.

6) Rights of Rivers

• The NWP accords river protection and revitalisation prior and primary importance.
• Steps to restore river flows include: Re-vegetation of catchments, regulation of groundwater extraction, river-bed pumping and mining of sand and boulders.
• The NWP outlines a process to draft a  Rights of Rivers Act,  including their right to flow, to meander and to meet the sea.

7) Emphasis on water quality

• The new NWP considers water quality as the most serious un-addressed issue in India today.
• It proposes that every water ministry, at the Centre and states,  include a water quality department.
• The policy advocates adoption of state-of-the-art, low-cost, low-energy, eco-sensitive  technologies for sewage treatment.
• Widespread use of  reverse osmosis has led to huge water wastage  and adverse impact on water quality.
• The policy wants  RO units to be discouraged  if the total dissolved solids count in water is less than 500mg/L.
• It suggests a  task force on emerging water contaminants  to better understand and tackle the threats they are likely to pose.

8) Reforming governance of water

• The policy makes radical proposals for improving the governance of water, which suffers from three kinds of issues: That between irrigation and drinking water, surface and groundwater, as also water and wastewater.
• Government departments, working in silos, have generally dealt with just one side of these binaries.
• Dealing with drinking water and irrigation in silos has meant that aquifers providing assured sources of drinking water dry up because the same aquifers are used for irrigation, which consumes much more water.
• And when  water and wastewater are separated in planning,  the result is a fall in water quality.

9) Creation of National Water Commission

• The NWP also suggests the creation of a unified multi-disciplinary, multi-stakeholder National Water Commission (NWC), which would become an exemplar for states to follow.
• Governments should build enduring  partnerships with primary stakeholders of water , who must become an integral part of the NWC and its counterparts in the states.

How Gujarat transformed from Water-deficit state to surplus state?

• The Gujarat government created the state-level Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics (BISAG) to aid in the supply of services and solutions for the deployment of map-based GeoSpatial Information Systems.
• Micro-level check dams.
• Macro-level projects particularly in the Saurashtra, Kutch, and North Gujarat areas.
• Gujarat launched the Kutch branch canal from the Narmada Main canal, which helps provide water to the most distant parts.
• Sujalam Sufalam Yojana: to irrigate the areas of North Gujarat.
• The SAUNI Yojana (Saurashtra Narmada Avtaran Irrigation Yojana), which means literally “reincarnation of the Narmada River in the region,” was thus introduced.
• Administrative and Governance reforms.

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Water Scarcity Essay

Essay on Water Scarcity

Water is the basic necessity of every human being, but water scarcity is a major issue that is rising very rapidly in India nowadays. The problem has become so severe that in many states the groundwater has almost dried up and people have to depend on water supply from other sources. In addition, water is one of the most misused natural resources that we still waste. It is the central point of our lives but unfortunately, not our priority concern. 

Earlier, people understood the value of water and planned their lives around it. Moreover, many civilizations were born and lost around water, but today, in spite of having knowledge, we still fail to understand the value of water in our lives. 

Reasons for Water Scarcity

Mismanagement of water and the growing population in our country are the two main reasons for water scarcity. There are also a number of other man made disturbances that continue to rise. Besides this, some of the reasons for water scarcity are:  

Wasteful Use of Water for Agriculture  

India, an agricultural country, produces a huge quantity of food to feed its population. The surplus that is left, gets exported outside. 

It is not unknown that producing this much food requires a lot of water too. The traditional method of irrigation wastes a lot of water due to evaporation, water conveyance, drainage, percolation, and the overuse of groundwater. Besides, most of the areas in India use traditional irrigation techniques that stress the availability of water.

However, the technique of irrigation has changed during modern times and we provide water to plants using a sprinkler or drip irrigation.

Reduction in Water Recharges Systems  

Rapid construction that uses concrete and marbles may not let the rainwater get absorbed in the soil, but still, we install some mechanism in our houses so that we can hold the rainwater. Then we can recharge the groundwater.

Lack of Water Management and Distribution

There is a need for an efficient system to manage and distribute the water in urban areas. The Indian government also needs to enhance its technology and investment in water treatment. Besides, we should ensure optimization at the planning level.

Solutions to Overcome this Problem

Close the running tap.

 During dishwashing and hand washing people often let the tap run. These running taps waste thousands of liters of water per year. Therefore, closing the tap will reduce this problem.

Replace Dripping Taps  

In India, it is commonly seen that most of the houses have taps or faucets that go on dripping water even when they are closed. This running tap wastes up to 30,000 liters of water that nobody bothers to change. So, we should replace these taps immediately.

Brief on Water Scarcity  

Water is a basic necessity for every living being.  Life without water is impossible, not just for us humans, but for all plants and animals too. Water scarcity is an issue of grave concern these days as water scarcity has become very common. Water is one of the most wasted natural resources and corrective measures should be taken before the water scarcity situation becomes worse. In spite of being aware of the implications, not much is being done today. 

In India, and across the world, it has been recorded that about half a billion people face a shortage of water for about six months annually. Many well-known cities around the world are facing acute scarcity of water. Many facts and figures are available to know about the water scarcity problem, but what are the reasons for this scarcity? 

With the growing population, the use of water has increased manifold. The lack of more freshwater sources and the increase in population is a major reason for this scarcity. The lack of proper Water management systems and proper drainage systems in India, especially in the urban areas is a major cause too. Kitchen wastewater should be able to be recycled but due to a poor drainage system, this is not possible. An efficient water management system is required in order to distribute water in urban areas.

Another major issue is Deforestation. Areas with more greenery and plants are known to have good rainfall.  Industrialisation and urbanization are two major factors here. Due to Deforestation, and cutting down of trees, rainfall has become an issue too.

Rivers are a major source of fresh water in India. Today we see a lot of industries that have come up and all of them are mostly near the rivers and these rivers become highly polluted as a result of all the industrial waste.

Effect of Global Warming and Climate Change

Global Warming and Climate Change are also responsible for the scarcity of water. The melting of icebergs into the sea due to the rise in temperatures is a reason as to how salty water is increasing day by day instead of freshwater. The percentage of rainfall has decreased drastically these days. Climate change along with the decrease in rainfall percentage has greatly affected freshwater bodies. 

Water scarcity has become a major problem and an alarming issue these days, and we must consciously strive to work together to find some solution to this issue of water scarcity. The Indian government today has formulated and come up with many plans on how to tackle and solve this problem.

To conclude, water scarcity has become an alarming issue day by day. If we do not take the problem of water scarcity seriously now, our future generations are going to suffer severely and may even have to buy this necessity at a high cost.

FAQs on Water Scarcity Essay

1.  What are the reasons for Water Scarcity?

The lack of proper Water Management and proper Drainage system plays a major role. Many other factors and reasons can be held responsible for the scarcity of water. Some of the major reasons are Global Warming and Climate Change; Pollution of the rivers due to industrialization; Deforestation and the cutting down of trees is another reason; Reduced percentage of rainfall due to the climate change pattern; Increase in the population which leads to increase in the use of water.  Learn more about water scarcity on Vedantu website helpful for long-term.

2. What is meant by the scarcity of water?

The scarcity of water means a shortage of water and not being able to manage the demand and supply of water. Water scarcity refers to the lack of freshwater bodies to meet the standard quantity and demand of water. Unequal distribution of water due to factors like Climate Change and Global Warming. Water Scarcity is also due to pollution and lack of rainfall. Water scarcity means a scarcity due to some physical scarcity or scarcity due to the lack of regular supply.

3. What are the two types of water scarcity?

Physical water scarcity is the result of regions' demand outpacing the limited water resources found in that location. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, about 1.2 billion people live in areas of physical scarcity and many of these people live in arid or semi-arid regions. People who are affected by this Physical kind of water scarcity are expected to grow as the population increases and as the weather patterns keep changing as a result of climate change.

Economic water scarcity is due to the lack of proper water infrastructure and a proper water management system or also because of poor management of water resources. The FAO estimates that more than 1.6 billion people face economic water shortages today. Economic water scarcity can also take place because of the unregulated use of water for agriculture and industry.

4.  How can we solve the problem?

Conscious awareness is required to deal with and understand the problem of water scarcity. We can start off by consciously saving water in our homes and surroundings.  Small easy steps like taking care when washing hands, or when working in the kitchen, have to be taken. The running water taps are a major reason for losing hundreds of liters of water on a daily basis. And we should be careful not to waste this water. Conscious decision to save and the need to understand the problem of water scarcity is of utmost importance.

5. How do we waste water?

Water is wasted in ways we do not even realize, in our homes and in our workplaces. When we brush our teeth, when we shave or when we wash the dishes, one of the most common things we do is to keep the water running, especially when running water is available. As soon as we begin cleaning or washing, we do not think of the water that is being wasted. While washing hands, we leave the water tap on, which results in wasting water too. Small things like these should be kept in mind and this could be our small step towards preserving water.

Essay on Water Crisis 500+ Words

Water, a life-sustaining resource, is essential for all living creatures on Earth. However, a water crisis is emerging as one of the most significant challenges humanity faces today. In this essay, we will explore the water crisis, its causes and consequences, and the critical need for sustainable solutions to ensure a better future for our planet.

The Growing Water Crisis

A water crisis refers to the scarcity of clean, fresh water needed for various purposes, such as drinking, agriculture, industry, and sanitation. It’s a global problem that affects people, ecosystems, and economies. According to the United Nations, by 2030, nearly half of the world’s population could be facing water scarcity.

Causes of the Water Crisis

a. Overpopulation : The world’s population is rapidly increasing, leading to higher water demand for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use.

b. Climate Change : Changing weather patterns, including prolonged droughts and more frequent extreme weather events, are affecting water availability.

c. Pollution : Water sources are often polluted by chemicals, sewage, and industrial waste, making water unsafe for consumption.

d. Wasteful Practices : Water wastage in agriculture, industry, and households contributes to the crisis.

Consequences of Water Scarcity

a. Health Issues : Lack of clean water leads to waterborne diseases like cholera and dysentery, affecting millions, especially children.

b. Food Insecurity : Agriculture heavily relies on water, and water scarcity can lead to crop failures and food shortages.

c. Conflict : Scarcity can trigger conflicts over limited water resources, leading to tensions between communities and even nations.

d. Ecosystem Damage : Wildlife and ecosystems suffer as water sources shrink, impacting biodiversity.

Sustainable Solutions to the Water Crisis

a. Water Conservation : Responsible water use, fixing leaks, and using water-saving appliances can make a significant difference.

b. Improved Infrastructure : Building and maintaining water supply and sanitation systems can help reduce water losses.

c. Rainwater Harvesting : Collecting rainwater for household use and agriculture can mitigate scarcity.

d. Desalination : Technology to turn seawater into freshwater is an option for regions with limited freshwater sources.

The Importance of Education

Education plays a vital role in raising awareness about the water crisis. Schools and communities can educate people about responsible water use, conservation, and the importance of preserving our water resources. Students can become water ambassadors, spreading the message about the need to protect our water.

Global Efforts to Combat Water Scarcity

International organizations like the United Nations and NGOs are working to address water scarcity on a global scale. They provide funding, expertise, and resources to implement sustainable water management practices in affected regions. Collaboration between countries and communities is key to finding solutions.

Conclusion of Essay on Water Crisis

In conclusion, the water crisis is a pressing global issue that affects people, ecosystems, and economies. Understanding its causes and consequences is the first step in finding solutions. It is essential for individuals, communities, and governments to take action by conserving water, improving infrastructure, and supporting sustainable practices. Education and global cooperation are vital in our fight against water scarcity.

By working together, we can ensure that future generations have access to the life-sustaining resource of clean, fresh water. Water is precious, and its conservation is our collective responsibility. As we address the water crisis, we are not only securing our own future but also safeguarding the health and well-being of our planet and all its inhabitants.

Also Check: The Essay on Essay: All you need to know

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Water Crisis in India

Last updated on April 28, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Despite having 17% of the global population, India only has 4% of the world’s freshwater resources. Due to pollution and climate change, the water situation is getting worse. What is the current status of the water crisis in India? What are the causes of an increased water crisis in India? To know more, read further.

The yearly water availability per person has decreased by 75% in the 75 years after Independence, from 6,042 cubic meters in 1947 to 1,486 cubic meters in 2021;

India is dealing with several issues, including the disappearance of ponds, lakes, tanks, and wetlands, as well as the depletion of groundwater and the pollution of surface water.

According to preliminary statistics from the first water body census, 18.691 out of 9.45 lakh water bodies, or 2%, have been encroached upon;

As many as 256 of India’s 700 districts have reported “critical” or “over-exploited” groundwater levels, according to the most recent Central Ground Water Board data.

Table of Contents

Falkenmark Index

• It is one of the most commonly used measures of water scarcity.
• It measures water scarcity as the quantity of renewable freshwater that is accessible to each person each year. It describes water scarcity in terms of the total water resources that are available to the population of a region.
• below 1,700 m 3 ,  the country is said to be experiencing  water stress.
• below 1,000 m 3 ,  it is said to be experiencing  water scarcity.
• below 500 m 3 ,  it is experiencing  absolute water scarcity.

Water Crisis: Reasons

Pollutants are being discharged into the water

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• Sewage water and untreated industrial pollutants are dumped into rivers. This results from a lack of adherence to effluent standards.
• Cities are severely short on sewage treatment facilities. Improper mining practices also deteriorate the water quality and damage the adjacent aquifers.

Climate Change

• Weather patterns are changing as a result of climate change, and this leads to extreme weather events, uncertain water availability, a worsening of water scarcity, and tainted water sources.
• The quantity and quality of water that humans need to survive can be significantly impacted by such effects.

Encroachment of water bodies

• To suit the infrastructure needs of growing cities, water bodies are being encroached upon.

Water wastage

• Due to excessive subsidies and ignorance, there is an overuse and waste of water.
• Groundwater levels in Punjab and Haryana have been substantially reduced by uncontrolled irrigation water use and a lack of conservation efforts. More than 10% of rural areas’ water bodies are no longer necessary.

Over-dependence on groundwater

• According to reports, agriculture uses over 85% fresh water.
• Due to an overreliance on groundwater for the cultivation of crops like paddy and sugarcane, which need a lot of water, there is currently a problem in numerous states, including Punjab, Haryana, and western UP.

Policy Paralysis

• Irrigation is a major focus of the National Water Policy. Since the country’s independence, the water administration has been afflicted with hydro-schizophrenia.
• The management of the issue of water, including surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and irrigation, has been handled separately by various agencies such as the Central Water Commission (CWC) and Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) without any coordination.

Read:  Agro-policies for SWAB

What are the consequences of an increased water crisis?

Negative Effects on Health

• Children’s malformations are caused by the presence of pollutants in the water such as fluoride, chloride, and nitrate. Along with skin-related illnesses, it causes premature hair greying.
• Water contaminated with uranium traces can lead to severe illnesses like cancer;

Economic consequences

• According to a World Bank report, climate change-exacerbated water scarcity could cost certain regions up to 6% of their GDP.

Women hardships

• The majority of women are in charge of running the home. Due to a lack of water, women and young girls bear the majority of the burden of collecting it.
• According to a National Commission for Women report, rural women in Rajasthan travel nearly 2.5 kilometres each day to obtain a source of water.
• In one Maharashtrian community that is prone to drought, severe water scarcity has resulted in polygamy. To collect water, you need more than one spouse. The relationship is known as “water wives”;

Affecting food security

• Agriculture’s productivity will be impacted by water scarcity. In light of the increasing population strain on farms, will affect food security.

What are the steps taken by the government to reduce the water crisis?

Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA): In 256 water-stressed regions, it was launched in 2019 as a campaign for water conservation, recharge, and rainfall gathering. It now encompasses each of the nation’s 740 districts.

Amrit Sarovars: Each district’s 75 water bodies are to be developed and revitalized as part of the Mission. By August 2023, the Union Government plans to construct 50,000 Amrit Sarovars throughout India.

Atal Bhujal Yojana: The program is expected to emphasize recharge and better use of groundwater resources. It seeks to strengthen the institutional framework and bring about behavioural changes at the community level for sustainable groundwater resource management;

Paani Bachao, Paisa Kamao (Save Water, Earn Money): It has been launched by the Punjab Government. It incentivizes farmers to reduce groundwater and electricity usage. This has resulted in water savings of between 6-25% without any adverse effect on the yield.

Ganga Rejuvenation: The World Bank has been supporting the Government of India’s efforts to rejuvenate the Ganga River since 2011. Two World Bank projects, worth US$ 1 billion, are helping set up the institutions needed to manage the river and build the infrastructure to keep it clean.

Ministry of Jal Shakti: The formation of the Ministry of Jal Shakti is an important step in the direction of overcoming hydro-schizophrenia. It will bring the irrigation and drinking water departments, together. within one ministry.

Way Forward

Enumerating, geo-tagging, and creating an inventory of all extant water bodies should be the main priorities according to the Jal Shakti Abhiyan. It is important to take all necessary precautions to ward off encroachments.

To improve water management and eliminate inter-state water conflicts, the states must cooperate along hydrological boundaries rather than just administrative ones.

The general public should be made aware of this issue by supporting public servants like Rajendra Singh (Waterman of India).

A better framework for water governance is required. To create a new National Water Commission, the CWC and CGWB should join, considerably expanding each organization’s capabilities (NWC). It would enhance cooperation and provide the necessary skills for various water sources.

To read more on groundwater depletion and contamination click here.

Also Read: Bengaluru Water Crisis;  Desalination: a unique solution to Chennai water woes

Article written by: Jis John Sebastian

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Water Crisis in India – Explained Pointwise

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The recent Bengaluru water crisis has put the spotlight again on the looming water crisis in India. Water starved Bengaluru is facing the looming threat of Day Zero (when government will shut down water connections for homes and businesses). A BBC report , based on UN-projections, had listed Bengaluru in the second position after Brazil’s São Paulo among the 11 global cities that are likely to run out of drinking water.

What is Water Crisis? What is the situation in India?

Water Crisis- Water crisis refers to the situation where the available potable, safe water in a region is less than its demand. The World Bank refers to water scarcity as a condition when the annual per-capita availability is less than 1000 cubic metres .

Water Crisis Situation in India

What are the reasons for the Water Crisis in India?

1. Rising water demand- According to NITI Aayog, India’s water demand is increasing at a rapid rate. India’s water demand will be twice the available supply by 2030 . Also, the rate of depletion of groundwater in India during 2041-2080 will be thrice the current rate.

2. Groundwater use for agriculture – There is high groundwater usage in agriculture  due to faulty cropping patterns. For ex- Water-intensive paddy cultivation in the states of Punjab and Haryana .

3. Encroachment of Natural Water Bodies- There has been destruction of lakes and small ponds to meet the infrastructure needs of burgeoning populations. For ex- Encroachment of lakes in Bengaluru .

4. Climate Change- Climate Change has led to erratic monsoon and reduced water levels in many rivers. This has induced water crisis in India.

5. Discharge of Pollutants-  There has been contamination of groundwater resources by the discharge of industrial chemicals , sewers and improper mining activities .

6. Lack of proactive management policies- Water management policies in India have failed to keep pace with changing demands of time. For ex- The Easement Act of 1882 granting groundwater ownership rights to the landowner leading to indiscriminate use of water resources.

7. Governance issues- a. Water governance in India has been fragmented . The centre and the states have their respective departments for governing various issues related to water. b. There have been separate departments for surface water and groundwater. Central Water Commission ( for surface water ) and Central Ground Water Board ( for groundwater ). c. Politicization of inter-state disputes by the political parties have hindered the quick resolution of disputes.

8. Detached Citizens- Since water is a free resource, it is not valued by the citizens. Citizens are completely detached from the water issues.

What are the impacts of Water Crisis in India?

1. Economic Impact- a. As per World Bank, India’s GDP could decline by as much as 6% by 2050 due to water scarcity. b. Water scarcity will result in decline of food production . This will hamper India’s food security and have serious impacts on the livelihood of farmers and farm labourers. c. Decline in industrial production as Industrial sectors such as textiles, thermal power plants,etc. may suffer due to water shortage

2. Ecological Impact a. Water scarcity may lead to extinction of flora and fauna . b. Heavy metal contamination (Arsenic, cadmium, nickel etc.) and oil spills in rivers and oceans respectively may threaten the marine biodiversity .

3. Social Impact a.  Deterioration of health of children due to intake of contaminated water . It leads to a reduction in human capital. b. The increased out-of-pocket expenditure on medical expenses adversely impacts the poorest and the most vulnerable sections. c. Increased hardships for women like school dropout,’ water wives ‘ to fetch water in drought prone regions .

4. Federal Relations- a. Amplification of the existing inter-state water disputes like Kaveri, Krishna, Godavari. There will be emergence of new disputes in the future. b. There will be a rise in parochial mindset and regionalism among states and may hinder growth of national unity.

5. International Relations- Water scarcity can lead to conflict among nations to get control over the water bodies. For ex- Impact on India-China relations due to Chinese building of dams over Brahmaputra river .

What are the government initiatives?

What should be the Way Forward?

1. Promotion of Water Conservation- Encouraging rainwater harvesting to capture monsoon run-off. Also, traditional water conservation practices like Kudimaramath practice (Tamil Nadu), Ahar Pynes (Bihar), Bamboo Drip irrigation System(North-East) must be revived .

2. Demand-side Management- States can adopt a participatory approach with the involvement of local communities. For ex- The Swajal model adopted by Uttarakhand focussing on community-based management of water resources. Revival of Johads in Rajasthan desert by Rajendra Singh (Waterman of India).

3. Nature-Based Solutions- Nature-based solutions refer to the solutions that mimic natural processes to provide human , ecological and societal benefits . For ex- Artificial Floodplains to increase water retention , Forest management to reduce sediment loadings.

4. River Basin Management- River basin management must be done through hydrological-basin approach rather than administrative boundaries . Also, steps must be taken to promote interlinking of rivers , while addressing its environmental concerns.

5. Evidence-based policy-making- We must create robust water data systems with real-time monitoring capabilities. For ex- Andhra Pradesh’s online water dashboard for mapping of hydrological resources for better policymaking.

6. Implementing the Mihir Shah Committee Report- The Mihir Shah Committee recommendations must be implemented for restructuring the water governance in India: a. Establishing National Water Commission by merging Central Water Commission(CWC) and Central Groundwater Board(CGWB). It would ensure that the surface and the groundwater are taken as a single entity. b. Focussing on management and maintenance of dams rather than construction of dams. c. Adopting a participatory approach to water management.

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Water Crisis in India Essay for Students and Children in 1000+ Words

In this post you will read an essay on water crisis in India for students and children in 1000+ words. This includes reasons, current situation, and efforts taken by government on Indian water crisis.

Water Crisis in India Essay (1000+ Words)

Without water man’s life could neither be born nor would he be able to do any work. Water is an essential need for people. Over 70% of the surface is loaded up with water, yet most of these waters isn’t saline or consumable. Just 0.6% of the absolute water for human use on earth is accessible as delicate water.   

Water Crisis Impact on Indian People

The sense of taste is evaporating. The wells and lakes are not at this point left. The downpour water streams into the waterways and streams, and we continue looking for water in the ground. Individuals are turning out to be foes of life for water.

Reasons for Water Crisis in India

Storm insecurity in India is additionally a significant reason for a water crisis. Recently, because of the effect of El-Nino, precipitation has diminished, because of which a circumstance of water emergency has emerged.

Current Situation 

India is confronting the most genuine water crisis in its set of experiences. Around 60 crore individuals in the nation are confronting serious water lack. Almost two lakh individuals lose their carries on with consistently because of the absence of clean water. This was uncovered in a report delivered by NITI Aayog.

Efforts taken by Indian Govt

1. National Water Policy, 1987 

3. National Water Board 

5. Warning Council for Artificial Recharge of Ground Water 

7. Ground Water Promotion Award and National Water Award 

Ten lines on Water Crisis in India

Water is the most significant asset of the earth, and we need to ensure it for ourselves and to save it for people in the future. Water, the executives or protection arrangements exist in India; however, the issue lies in the degree of usage of those approaches. 

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Water Crisis in India | Causes, Effects & Solution | Essay

December 15, 2017 by Study Mentor Leave a Comment

“ Water, water, everywhere ,  nor  a drop to drink .  “     -Samuel Taylor  

Water crisis is one of the major problems which our world is facing right now. It’s been predicted that if there is to be a third world war then it would be fought because of water.  

So what is water crisis? 

In simple terms, it can be defined as the lack of availability of water resources to meet the demand within a region.  

We are living in a world where nearly 3/4 th  of the earth’s area is covered by water. But the question is how much of it is drinkable? The answer is only 2.5% is fresh but only 1% is accessible because most of it is trapped in snowfields and glaciers. So it’s very clear that fresh accessible water makes up to a very small fraction in the total water quantity.

Only 0.007% of water is available to feed its booming population of 7 billion. According to WWE 1.1 billion people lack access to water and almost 2.7 billion find water scarce for at least one month a year.

More than 1/3 rd  of Africa’s population lacks access to clean and safe drinking water. By 2050, five times as much land is likely to be under “extreme drought”. If something is not done by today, then we maybe late forever for tomorrow.  

Causes of Water Crisis 

There are a lot of causes for water crisis. But some of the most important points to be focussed on are as follows:  

Pollution :  water pollution is a huge problem and can origin from anything such as oil spillage, chemical disposal, bad sewage system, faecal matter deposition, etc. most of the water in rural areas is terribly polluted due to poor sanitation and lack of water water treatment plants.  

Overuse and misuse of water : water is always overused by people for whom it’s available. Its takes over 11,000 litres of water to produce a pound of coffee and an average toilet uses 8ltrs of clean water in a single flush. This leads to more water being wasted for pointless reasons and more crises.  

Climate change: As the earth’s temperature continues to rise, there has been a significant amount of impact o our freshwater resulting in severe droughts or severe floods. Its changing the way water evaporates and where it rains.  

Conflicts : Conflicts over land and water is common but it ends up resulting in loss of agriculture and deaths. There should be the distribution of water irrespective of caste, creed, sex, religion and nationality.  

Distance : A lot of Middle East countries face this problem just because they are not able to access water due to a huge distance and lack of transportation. In many developing nations, 226 million women spend 6 hours every day just fetching water which are often polluted  

Agriculture : It uses 70% of the world’s accessible water but 60%of it is wasted due to leaky irrigation system.  

Population growth : Human population has doubled in the last 50 years and the demand for water has quadrupled .41% of world’s population lives in river basin that are under water stress.  

Diseases : unhealthy water leads to a lot of waterborne diseases like malaria. Many developing countries still drink low quality water from flowing streams which are highly contaminated leading to death. Every 90 second a child dies from a water related disease.1 million people are killed by sanitation, water and hygiene related diseases every year. The third leading cause of child death is diarrhoea caused by contaminated water  

Education : children are the one who are often responsible for collecting water for their families and that’s how water crisis and education relates. It is because they have to wake up every morning and spend several hours just trying to fetch water. In many other places, girls and women are not allowed to go to school just because they have to sped their time in fetching water for their families,  

Poverty : 260 billion money is lost globally due to lack of basic water and sanitation lack of water means less amount of time given to economic activities. Access to water is the key to economic prosperity and better standards of living.  

Ecosystem : habitat loss happens due to the process of desertification causing the loss of plants and wildlife. This results in food shortage for the animals which in turn disturbs the whole food chain. The Aral Sea was the world’s fourth largest freshwater lake which has now been reduced to almost one third in only 30 years because the water has become salty and which In turn destroyed the ecosystem within it.  

Countries affected by Water Scarcity

Sub Saharan Africa is the among the regions with the greatest drinking water spending needs and right now 319 million people are without access to reliable water resources.102 million people of the 159 million people are still using surface water to live. It loses 40 billion hours per year in collecting water it is same as the entire years labour in France.  

In Europe, countries are suffering recurring drought. In Australia which is world’s driest continent, people are being affected by salinity. In Japan, contamination of water is still a serious issue. In London, leakage and loss is estimated to be 300 Olympic size sliming pools daily.  

• Recycling of water  
• Improvement in irrigation which will help in using water to its fullest potential  
• Improvement of sewage system can be done to get rid of water borne diseases.  
• Water conservation technologies like roof water conservation, rainwater conservation, etc  
• Spreading awareness about the opportunities which people can have if they start using water properly and start conserving it  
• Use of sustainable water conservation for a better living  

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Water Scarcity

Water scarcity - water stress in india & prevention of water scarcity [upsc notes].

Water scarcity is insufficient freshwater resources to meet the human and environmental demands of a given area. This article will talk about the topic ‘Water Scarcity’ which is important in the IAS Exam from the perspective of UPSC General Studies I & III, and essay papers of the Mains Exam.

Table of Contents:

Types of Water Scarcity

Adequate access to safe drinking water is a priority for global development. However, given the challenges of population growth, profligate use, growing population, and changes in weather patterns due to global warming, many countries, both wealthy and poor are facing water scarcity in the 21st century.

There are two types of water scarcity:

• Physical water scarcity
• Economic water scarcity

Physical Water scarcity

Physical or absolute water scarcity is the result of regions demand outpacing the limited water resources found in that location. As per the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations, around 1.2 Billion people live in areas of physical scarcity; many of these people live in arid or semi-arid regions. People impacted by this kind of water scarcity are expected to grow as populations increase and as weather patterns become more unpredictable due to climate change.

Economic Water scarcity

This kind of water scarcity primarily arises due to the lack of water infrastructure in general or due to the poor management of water resources where the infrastructure is in place. As per FAO estimates more than 1.6 Billion people face economic water shortage. Economic water scarcity can also arise due to unregulated water use for agriculture and industry at the expense of the general population.

What is the Water Footprint?

Everything that we consume in our daily life, whatever we eat, sell, buy, wear requires water to make them. Water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use . It can be measured for any process, like growing crops, for producing clothes, for the fuel we use in our travels, or for a multinational company.

A nation’s water footprint is defined as the total amount of water needed for the production of goods and services calculated by adding all the water consumed plus the water inherent in products imported, then subtracted by water in exports.

India’s water footprint is 980 cubic metres per capita, ranks below the global average of 1243 cubic metres. India contributes roughly 12 % of the world’s total water footprint.

Effects of Water Scarcity Across the Globe

The problem of water scarcity has gained a lot of importance due to the potential damage it can inflict. As per some reports, 1.1 billion people worldwide lack access to water, and a total of 2.7 Billion people find water scarce for at least one month of the year.

• As per 2017 Global Risks Report of the World Economic Forum , in terms of impact on humanity, the water crisis is ranked as the 3rd most important global risk.
• Governments will be forced to choose between agricultural, industrial, municipal or environmental interests and some groups would win at the expense of others.
• Water scarcity can result in forced migration. It may lead to domestic or regional conflicts, in geopolitically fragile areas.
• As per the UN report, over 2 Billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress. As per UNESCO 24 Million and 700 Million people will be displaced in some Arid and Semi-arid regions by 2030.
• Inadequate sanitation is also a problem for 2.4 Billion people. They are exposed to diseases, such as Cholera and Typhoid fever, and other water-borne illnesses. 2 million people, mostly children, die each year from diarrheal diseases alone.

Water Scarcity in India

India has 4 % of the world’s freshwater which has to cater to 17 % of the world’s population.

As per NITI Aayog report released in June 2019, India is facing the worst-ever water crisis in history. Approximately 600 million people or roughly around 45 % of the population in India is facing high to severe water stress. As per the report, 21 Indian cities will run out of their main source of water i.e. groundwater by 2020. The report goes on to say that nearly 40 % of the population will have absolutely no access to drinking water by 2030 and 6 % of India’s GDP will be lost by 2050 due to the water crisis.

Main causes of Water Scarcity in India

As per World Bank data, India accounts for 25 % of global demand for groundwater. More than 90 % of groundwater in India is used for irrigated agriculture. The remaining 24 Billion m 3 supplies 85 % of the country’s drinking water. Approximately 80 % of India’s 1.35 Billion population depends on groundwater for both drinking and irrigation.

The table shows India has a smaller area equipped for irrigation compared to China, yet India consumes almost double the amount of water for agriculture purpose. This shows inefficiency in water usage which is unsustainable.

India is a major exporter of rice which implies India is exporting millions of litres of water annually.

The most important crops of India are rice, wheat and sugarcane. They are the most water-consuming crops. Rice, which is a major crop export, consumed about 3,500 litres of water for a kilogram of grain produced. Punjab which is the 3rd largest producer of rice in India, is completely dependent on groundwater for production of rice, though Punjab fares well from a land productivity perspective, they are lagging behind states like West Bengal, Bihar in terms of water productivity as they consume two to three times more water than Bihar and West Bengal to produce a kilogram of rice. For detailed information on Major Crops of India , visit the link provided here.

Check out other links related to crops of India –

Sugarcane is another water-guzzling crop in India, which is a very popular crop among farmers in Maharashtra because they are assured of marketing by sugar mills. The primary source of water for growing this crop is groundwater, whereas states like Bihar which is more suitable for the production of sugarcane produce only 4 % of the country’s total sugar cane output. Know in detail about Agriculture in India on the given link.

Water storage in India is about 209 m 3 per person far below the minimum threshold of 1,000 m 3 per person for identifying water scarcity in a country. In addition, the per capita availability of water has reduced from 2,209 m 3 per year in 1991 to 1545 m 3 per year in 2011.

Though the Minimum Support Price (MSP) announced by the Government was usually for around 22 crops, the MSP incentive was skewed in favour of rice and wheat. Hence even states which are dry, where weather conditions were not in favour, farmers still preferred to grow rice and wheat resulting in excessive extraction of groundwater to grow the rice and wheat.

Given below are a few important links related to agriculture –

Effects of Water Scarcity in India

Social and Political Effects of Water Scarcity in India

Effects of Water Scarcity on Food Security

• 74 % of the area under wheat cultivation and 63 % of the area under rice cultivation faces extreme levels of water scarcity.
• Expected demand-supply gap of up to 570 Billion m 3 by 2030 in the agriculture sector.
• Virtual water export adds to the problem, the export of approximately 37 lakh tonnes of Basmati rice alone cost India 10 Trillion litres of water in 2014-15.

8 Ways to Prevent Risks on Food Security due to Water Scarcity

• States should start using a water lens while developing agricultural policies and incentives.
• India needs to manage its international export of virtual water.
• Ensure that crop production patterns within the country, across different states, are aligned to regional water availability.
• Agriculture policies that limit the export of water-intensive crops or reduce Minimum Support Price (MSP) and subsidies for water-intensive crops (particularly sugarcane, cotton and rice) in regions with declining water tables.
• Emphasise on the adoption of water-efficient technologies, management systems, farmer education, and advisory services.
• Consider developing an agricultural water export index to track virtual water, to track the amount of virtual water exported by India through trade commodities to other countries. This can enable better policy and incentives that support water sustainability.
• The water footprint network has developed an interactive tool to calculate and map the water footprint by different users, assess its sustainability, and identify strategic interventions for improving water use.
• Invest in scaling up Micro-irrigation. It is a vital solution to make India’s agriculture more water-efficient, the adoption rate is still small due to problems in the sustained adoption of micro-irrigation across seasons due to maintenance challenges and cost pressures. A programme that takes care of financial support, operational support, and technical support is essential. The Government of India’s ‘Per Drop More Crop’ component under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana promotes the use of drip and sprinkler irrigation by farmers.
• Effects of Water Scarcity on the Carrying Capacity of Urban Hubs
• 5 of the world’s largest cities under water stress present in India.
• No Indian city is able to provide 24 hours 7 days a week water supply to its entire urban population.
• Expected water demand-supply gap of approximately 50 Billion m 3 for the domestic sector by 2030, as future demand doubles present use.

3 Ways to Prevent Water Scarcity in Urban Areas

• An integrated approach to land-use planning and zoning where water will be the crux of the planning is the sole way to ensure sustainable urban development in which the needs of the city’s water needs are met.
• While creating city plans and providing permits for new establishments, state and city governments should consider water resource availability in the region, and resist developmental activities that are not sustainable from the perspective of water management.
• The government can take a leaf out of the book from the American Planning Association (APA) in the United States which has introduced water-related policy guidelines, which treats water as a critical component of infrastructure planning.

Economic Risks of Water Scarcity in India

• Effects of Water Scarcity on sustainable industrial activity
• Industries expected to draw 3 times water compared to their actual consumption by 2030.
• Shutdowns possible as states prioritize irrigation and household needs, and fail to provide water to industries.
• Water intensive industries such as Food & Beverages, Textiles, Paper & Paper products are likely to be worst affected.

4 Ways to Prevent Risks for Industrial Activity due to Water Scarcity

• Water usage can be optimized by giving permits that put caps on water consumption by each user.
• Industrial zoning can restrict water-intensive industries from setting up in water-scarce regions, this will promote water efficiency amongst small and large industries.
• We could take an example of Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin which supports water trading worth AUD 2 Billion annually. It is a system where water entitlements and allocations are provided to industrial units annually, and they are allowed to trade i.e. buy and sell their water quotas amongst different users, to maximize their outputs and income by optimizing water use.
• ESG compliance checks by banks can act as an effective tool for adopting water conservation activities by organisations that seek external funding. The risks posed to organisations due to water shortages and scarcity will affect the performance of banks. An Indian bank checks and raises a red flag if the availability of water in the region is insufficient to support the business operations of an organisation. Another bank conducts portfolio analysis and covers water as a key non-financial risk.

Effects of Water Scarcity on Energy Production in India

• 40 % of India’s thermal power plants presently located in water-scarce regions
• 70 % of India’s thermal power plants are expected to face high water stress by 2030.

Read about Thermal Power Plants in India from the linked article.

4 Ways to Prevent Risks on Energy Production due to Water Scarcity

• Diversifying to renewable energy sources like Solar and Wind energy, that are not reliant on water to generate energy. Government has already set targets of 175 GW of energy by 2022, this will considerably help in diverting the crisis.
• Make sure that new Thermal power plants are only established in regions where there is no scarcity of water availability.
• Promote the adoption of water-efficient technologies for operation of power plants and the production of energy.
• National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) is exploring solutions such as desalination plants which can create additional water for human use, and floating Solar PV can reduce the natural rate of evaporation and support conservation of water.

Environmental Risks of Water Scarcity in India

• Effects of Water Scarcity on Biodiversity of India
• Human intervention impacts 35 species on average in biodiversity hotspots in India .
• The Western Ghats , the Himalayas and North East are amongst hotspots with threatened species category.
• Dam construction on the Kali river contributed to the Western Ghats decline in forest cover of 30 percentage points in approximately 40 years.

3 Ways to Prevent Biodiversity Destruction in India

• Economic policy needs to incorporate economic value of biodiversity, impact on the environment needs to be evaluated when new development activities, such as building dams or reservoirs are planned.
• Explore the possibility of smaller projects in multiple locations instead of one large project in one geographical location, since the cumulative environmental footprint of such smaller projects might be lower compared to one large project.
• Undertake large scale tree plantation to re-establish habitats and support resuscitation of bird population and wildlife in the region.

Effects of Water Scarcity on Desertification

• Approximately 30 % of Indian land is degraded or faces desertification
• Water erosion is the largest cause of desertification and is responsible for approximately 11 % of total desertification.
• Cost of land degradation estimated at approximately 2.1 % of India’s 2014-15 GDP.

Read more about Desertification from the linked article.

4 Ways to Prevent Risks of Desertification

• Afforestation is a very effective method, but it must be done strategically and scientifically so that the right mix of flora is propagated i.e. local species, drought-tolerant variety of trees etc.
• Adopt agroforestry, in this method trees and shrubs, are grown next to crops and pasturelands. It can reduce erosion and even increase biodiversity in areas currently covered with mono-cropping and without cover crops and natural barriers.
• By increasing the green cover it will help in groundwater rejuvenation as water absorption and retention capacity of soil increases. It is important to tap into local and grassroots knowledge to select the right trees for the appropriate geography.
• China’s ‘great wall’ initiative is a phenomenal example of China making large scale investments in tackling desertification. The country has planted 66 Billion trees in the arid Northern territory and they claim to have reduced sandstorms by 20 % and desertification by nearly 5,000 miles in recent years.

Measures for Preventing Water Scarcity in India (Central Government)

Ministry of Jal Shakti

The Government of India established the Ministry of Jal Shakti to consolidate interrelated functions pertaining to water management. The Ministry launched Jal Shakti Abhiyan – a campaign for water conservation and water security. Get detailed information on Jal Shakti Ministry on the page linked here.

Jal Shakti Abhiyan Campaign

Jal Shakti Abhiyan launched in

• 1592 water-stressed blocks
• 256 districts

The major focus areas of Jal Shakti Abhiyan is given below

• Borewell recharge structures
• Block and District water conservation plans
• Promotion of efficient water use for irrigation
• Better choice of crops for Krishi Vigyan Kendras

Jal Abhiyan is a time-bound, mission-mode water conservation campaign. Hence to make sure that efforts are going in the right direction, The National Institute for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog has developed a comprehensive water management metrics named Composite Water Management Index (CWMI).

The Government of India has announced an ambitious target of providing piped clean drinking water to all villages by 2024.

Read more about Jal Shakti Abhiyan from the linked article.

Atal Bhujal Yojana 

In order to acknowledge and contain the ever-growing problem of groundwater depletion, the Indian Government introduced the Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY) in December 2019 after getting financial approval from the World Bank in 2018. It was launched under Jal Jeevan Mission. It is related to groundwater usage and conservation in India.

The objective of the program was to lay emphasis on the recharge of groundwater resources and improve the exploitation of the groundwater resources, with the involvement of people at the local level. Further details on Atal Bhujal Yojana can be read on the linked page.

Adoption of Composite Water Management Index (CWMI)

The National Institute for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog has developed the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) to enable effective water management in Indian states. The first edition was published in 2018 and became a very well-received publication inside and outside the country.

Mandate of CWMI

• Establish a benchmark for state-level performance on key water indicators.
• Identify the high performing states and low performing states thereby inculcating a culture of constructive competition among states
• Identify areas for deeper engagement and investment on the part of the states.

Measures for Preventing Water Scarcity (State Government)

Rajasthan – Mukhya Mantri Jal Swalambhan Abhiyan (MJSA)

The objective is to make villages self-sufficient in water through participatory water management approach.

• Launched in 2016
• A unique feature is the usage of Drones to identify water bodies for restoration
• Gram Sabha in villages is responsible for budgeting of water resources for different uses, providing greater power to the community members in decision-making.

6 Accomplishments of the MJSA program

• In the 1st 2 phases of the program, 7742 villages in Rajasthan benefited by 2.3 Lakh water conservation activities.
• In the 2nd phase, 1.35 Lakh water conservation structures were created in 4213 villages.
• Benefited more than 88 lakh people, 93 lakh heads of livestock, covering an area of 33.50 Lakh hectares.
• After the 1st phase, there was a 56 % reduction of water supply through tankers and the average rise in the groundwater table by 4.6 feet in 21 non-desert districts of the states.
• 50,000 hectares of additional land had been made fit for cultivation in the districts
• 64 % of the handheld pumps had been rejuvenated.

Andhra Pradesh – Neeru Chettu Programme

The objective is to make Andhra Pradesh drought-proof and reduce economic inequalities through better water conservation and management practices. Highlights of the program are given below.

• Repaired about 7,000 farm ponds
• Repaired 22,000 check dams
• 102 lift irrigation schemes have been commissioned or revived.
• This program has enabled irrigation access to approximately 2,10,000 acres of land in the state.

Maharashtra – Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan

Launched in 2015 – 16, with the aim of making 5000 villages water scarcity free, every year. This program entails the following

• Deepening and widening of streams
• Construction of cement and earthen stop dams
• Works on nullahs and digging of farm ponds.
• Geo-tagging of water bodies and use of a mobile application to enable web-based monitoring

3 Accomplishments of the Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan program

• Increase in groundwater levels of 1.5 to 2 metres.
• 11,000 villages have been declared drought-free
• Agricultural productivity has increased by 30 % – 50 %

Telangana – Mission Kakatiya Program

• Launched in 2014
• Aims to restore 46,000 tanks across the state and bring over 20 lakh acres land under cultivation.
• Enhancing the development of minor irrigation structures
• Promoting community-based irrigation management.
• Restoration of tanks to enable effective utilization of the 255 TMC water allocated for minor irrigation under Godavari and Krishna river basins.

4 Accomplishments of the Mission Kakatiya Program

• Over 22,500 tanks had been restored till March 2018
• The program Boosted water storage capacity of water bodies
• Enhanced on-farm moisture retention capacity in the region.
• Increase in the gross area irrigated under tank ayacut by 51.5 % compared to the base year.

Gujarat – Sujalam Sufalam Yojana

It is a water conservation scheme by the Gujarat Government launched in May 2018; it focuses on

• Deepening of water bodies before monsoons
• Desilting of water bodies
• Target to increase water storage capacity by 11,000 lakh cubic feet through deepening of 13,000 lakes, check dams, and reservoirs. The program was a success as per media reports.
• 2nd edition was launched in 2019 in which the state increased its financial contribution to 60 % for programme activities, requiring private entities to pay only remaining 40 %

Madhya Pradesh – Kapil Dhara Yojana

• Develop irrigation facilities on private land of small and marginal farmers, through the construction of dug wells, farm ponds, check dams etc.
• Focuses on providing financial support to landholders without access to irrigation facilities and prioritizes marginalized communities to maximize impact.
• The program has contributed to improved productivity, intensity, and diversity of crop production in the region and generates livelihood sources.

Punjab – Pani Bachao Paise Kamao

The program launched to break water-energy nexus.

• It is an innovative program, where farmers are provided with fixed electricity quota and receiving Rs 4 per KWh (Kilowatt-hour) for every unit of electricity saved through Direct Benefits Transfer (DBT).
• The scheme launched by the Department of Power on a pilot basis in the districts of Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur; allows farmers to join on a voluntary basis.
• A unique solution to the widespread problem of electricity and water wastage by farmers by encouraging them to use the resources efficiently by incentivising them monetarily for being water efficient.

Uttar Pradesh – Jakhni Village, Bundelkhand

Jakhni village of Banda district in the Bundelkhand region was one of the most water-scarce regions in India. There was heavy migration from the village in search of water and for better livelihood, but the villagers drastically changed the situation through rigorous water conservation techniques as given below.

• Construction of farm ponds
• Restoration/rejuvenation of water bodies
• Collection and utilization of greywater
• Raising of farm bunds
• Intensive plantation of trees

The uniqueness of this success is farmers of Jakhni undertook the entire work without any

external funding, machinery or resources.

Accomplishments

• It has become a water self-sufficient village, it was earlier drought-prone
• Improved agricultural production – now produces 23,000 quintals of Basmati rice, production of other crops has also increased by manifolds

Water contamination in India

As per the NITI Aayog report, 70 % of all of the country’s fresh water in the ground or on the surface is polluted. As per the report, 600 Million Indians are facing a high or extreme water crisis. 2,00,000 Indians die every year since they are drinking, washing, and bathing in contaminated water.

Relevant links to cover up the topic on water and its scarcity comprehensively for the upcoming UPSC exam are given below-

4 Ways Adopted to Prevent Water Scarcity Across the Globe

We need to use a multi-pronged approach to address the matter. 1. Aquifer Recharging

An aquifer is a body of permeable soil or rock that contains or transmits groundwater. They are usually refilled from rain or melting snow. As per UN reports groundwater withdrawal has tripled in the past 50 years; areas with highest groundwater withdrawals include parts of China, India and the United States. Around 67% is used for agricultural purposes, 22% for domestic use, 11% for industrial use. Aquifer recharge involves injecting excess surface water into underground aquifers. Water can be treated before injection. Use native plant species in wetland areas to boost aquifers natural recharge capabilities.

2. Water reuse and Zero-Liquid Discharge Technology

This method can alleviate water scarcity for municipalities and industries. Zero Liquid Discharge technologies use, treat, and reuse water in a closed-loop system without release or discharge.

3. Coastal Reservoir Projects

Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan have Coastal reservoir projects that have been effectively functioning and supplying people with drinking water.

4. Desalination Plants

This is a process of treating saline or brackish water. This process can be used to treat seawater or groundwater containing salt concentrations that make it unfit for drinking. Highly saline water contains salt in the concentrations ranging between 10,000 ppm and 35,000 ppm. Freshwater is defined as water with less than 1,000 ppm of salt.

Due to growing demands, many nations are investing in this technology. There are an estimated 16,000 desalination plants in operation around the world. The largest desalination plants are in Saudi Arabia, UAE and Israel. Unfortunately, desalination plants are energy guzzlers. It requires 10 times more energy than that consumed by pumping well water.

As the trend suggests, the number of questions being asked from the environment segments is increasing. Candidates can get the complete trend analysis in our GS 3 strategy, Structure and Syllabus page.

The above details would be of help to candidates preparing for UPSC 2022  exams from the perspective of mains examination.

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Water Scarcity Essay | Essay on Water Scarcity for Students and Children in English

February 13, 2024 by Prasanna

Water Scarcity Essay: Water scarcity is a fundamental issue faced by almost half of the population across the world. Like global warming and climate change, water scarcity affects human lives in different ways.

In some places, it disrupts smooth living. In other parts of the world, it makes the existence of human life difficult. At this point, it is beyond any argument that water is one of the essential requirements for humankind to survive on Earth. But, as it seems these days, probably humankind itself is responsible for its destruction. The scarcity of water across the globe cannot be wholly attributed to the rise in population. Irresponsible use of water is one of the significant reasons behind water scarcity.

You can also find more  Essay Writing  articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more

Long And Short Essays On Water Scarcity for Kids and Students In English

We are providing students with essay samples on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic Water Scarcity for reference.

A Long Essay on Scarcity is helpful to students of classes 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. A Short Essay on Water Scarcity is helpful to students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Long Essay On Water Scarcity 500 Words In English

The developed nations of the world lead the rest in terms of scientific discoveries. And even in those countries which are supposedly first-world nations, the water crisis is a terrible issue. In such countries, not everyone is equally affected by the scarcity of water.

Countries like Australia have two different segments of people living in their land. Some are abysmally poor and cannot afford the scarcity of water in their everyday life. On the other hand, some people are so rich that they seem to be undisturbed by the scarcity. This difference exists because the distribution of income in such high-income countries is skewed towards those who can earn more and spend more.

Since they earn about ten or fifteen times more than the average individual in their country, buying bottled water to drink at home is not much of an issue. For that matter, such people can even afford to buy water to fill their tanks and swimming pools when they are avoidable in times of a crisis. Because of such actions of people with a lot of money in their hands, water scarcity has become a glaring issue these days. The measures that Governments across countries are adopting often fall short of implementation tactics.

Measures like rainwater harvesting, reuse of water for domestic purposes, and creating financial schemes for saving water have to date been discussed and deliberated by various administrative bodies.

But the problem lies in implementation. Often it becomes difficult to put these things across the larger sections of society that are unaware of the dangers. It is not that such people do not face hardships because of the scarcity of water. Such people are myopic in terms of understanding how their hardships would increase in the days to come.

In countries like India, water has still not reached the stage of becoming a commercial commodity. It is mostly free, apart from the taxes that are levied on its distribution in different states. People in India do not have to buy drinking water. In such a scenario, most of them do not understand what water scarcity means.

Few realize the extent to which their irrational use of water can damage the existence of future generations. Since India is geographically surrounded by seas and an ocean on its three sides, much of the country has not suffered like those living elsewhere. The uninterrupted supply of water most of the time has been a boon and a bane. It is, however, not just the people of India who feel this way. Countries that are bordered by seas tend to be indifferent towards water scarcity as a global issue.

Short Essay On Water Scarcity 150 Words In English

Water scarcity happens when people do not save water or even lack the willingness to save it. In some countries of the world, water is abundant. People in such countries do not reuse water. For instance, water which is used for washing cars can be used for gardening too. And the water which is used to clean floors can be put to use for other domestic purposes.

But in countries where water is abundant, people use fresh water for each activity. This leads to indiscriminate use of water. In countries where water is scarce, people save it in a lot of ways. Some Governments make use of financial incentives to save water. The scarcity of water affects people in a lot of ways. Some have to pay for water, while others have to bear the hardships of bringing them from nearby ponds and lakes. Often, there are cases of water poisoning. This happens mainly when people do not pay for water and tend to use it without filtration.

10 Lines On Water Scarcity Essay In English

• Water scarcity is a global issue.
• Every country in the world is not equally affected by water scarcity.
• Water scarcity happens due to the indiscriminate use of water.
• Water scarcity leads to different kinds of hardships that are to be borne by the people.
• Water scarcity also happens due to global warming and ecological changes.
• To tackle water scarcity, Governments across different countries have formulated various measures.
• Some of these measures include the reuse of water and financial schemes to save water.
• The problem of water scarcity is thought to increase with enhancing the effect of climate change.
• Much of the problem lies in everyday human habits.
• The scarcity of water can, therefore, be tackled through changing human habits.

FAQ’s on Water Scarcity Essay

Question 1. Why is water scarcity a glaring issue these days?

Answer: Apart from global warming and climate change, water scarcity seems to be one of the primary reasons for the reduction of human efficiency, which affects a country’s economic growth. Hence, water scarcity is a glaring issue these days.

Question 2. How can the problem of water scarcity be tackled?

Answer: The problem of water scarcity can be tackled with efficient water-saving measures.

Question 3. What are the countries which do not face water scarcity as such?

Answer: Countries with an abundant supply of water from seas and oceans do not face water scarcity.

Question 4. Is water scarcity a global issue?

Answer: Given the number of countries suffering from water scarcity, it is a global issue.

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Essay On Water Scarcity - People require water for various purposes like cooking, cleaning, drinking, and washing, to name a few. Animals need water for their bodies to function, plants need water to pull nutrients from the soil and stay nourished, and people need water for all the reasons mentioned above. Here are 100, 200 and 500 word essays on Water Scarcity.

The lack of freshwater supplies to meet water demand is known as water scarcity. Most nations today have regulations protecting water quality and limiting water usage. Water nourishes not only the soil but also the human body. Nothing can flourish without water. Here are some sample essays on “Water Scarcity”.

100 Words Essay On Water Scarcity

All life forms on this planet require water to survive. Limited freshwater supplies to meet huge water demand is known as water shortage. The water cycle is the process through which the water that is present on earth evaporates, transforms into a vapour cloud, and then precipitates when cold weather develops.

We don't pay much attention to water because it is used and needed by humans and nature every year, yet considering this, water is simply life above and beyond the chemical component. Since the issue has gotten so bad, many states' groundwater supplies are nearly entirely depleted, forcing residents to rely on water from other sources.

200 Words Essay On Water Scarcity

More than 70% of our body weight is made up of water. For the body to function properly, water is necessary. Additionally, water makes up more than 70% of the surface of the world. We should drink water every day as it improves the functions and well-being of our bodies. Water is also required for basic necessities. Since fresh water is the only source of usable water, it is necessary for all everyday activities as well as for human health and the existence of all other living things.

Need For Water

A significant problem that affects nearly half of the world's population is the lack of availability of freshwater. Water scarcity has a variety of effects on human lives, just like climate change and global warming. It makes it harder for humans to live in various parts of the world.

Water is now a vital prerequisite for humankind to thrive on Earth, and this is without debate. Water is also one of the natural resources that we still misuse the most. Given the way things seem these days, humanity is undoubtedly to blame for its scarcity. The global water crisis cannot entirely be attributed to population growth. One of the leading causes of water scarcity is irresponsible water consumption.

500 Words Essay On Water Scarcity

Every human needs water to survive, yet in the World today, water scarcity is a severe problem that is spreading quickly. Although it is the focal point of our existence, it is regrettably not our first focus.

Causes Of Water Scarcity

The leading causes of water scarcity are poor water management and the world's expanding population. A variety of additional man-made problems are also on the rise. Some of such issues are man-made construction obstructing groundwater from being recharged naturally, excess use in agriculture and not having a general sense of awareness of how to use and prevent water pollution are some of the reasons.

Natural Causes Of Water Scarcity

Water scarcity is a result of climate change and global warming as well. One explanation for how salty water is growing daily instead of freshwater is the melting of icebergs into oceans due to the increase in temperatures. The frequency of rain has sharply declined recently. Freshwater bodies have been significantly impacted by climate change, as well as a drop in rainfall percentage.

Water use has multiplied as a result of the expanding population. The decline in water bodies and the rise in population primarily causes this scarcity. Another important factor is India's inadequate drainage and water management systems, particularly in metropolitan areas. To deliver water in urban areas, an effective water management system is necessary.

Well, In the end, altering how this problem is seen requires educating people to encourage new behaviours. All kinds of consumption, from personal use to

the distribution networks of large organisations will need to undergo significant change to adapt to the upcoming era of water shortage.

My Experience

I woke up to the sound of my alarm, feeling a sense of dread wash over me as I remembered the water scarcity situation in my town. It was around April or May, which are considered the hottest months in my town. For weeks, there had been a drought which was getting worse, and the water levels in our water storage had been steadily dropping.

As I dressed for the day, I couldn't help but worry about the future. Water was becoming increasingly scarce, and there didn't seem to be any end to the drought. I knew that it would only be a matter of time before water rationing was put into place, and the thought of standing in line for hours just to get a few gallons of water was enough to make my stomach turn.

It was hard to ignore the signs of the water crisis around me. Lawns were brown and withered, plants were dying, and the normally bustling streets were strangely quiet. As I made my way to school, I started thinking about ways to prevent water wastage and fight this water scarcity. This whole incident made me realise the importance of water in our lives.

The scarcity of freshwater is becoming a severe problem. If we do not address the issue of water scarcity today, future generations will suffer greatly and may even be forced to pay a heavy price for this basic necessity.

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Syllabus : GS1/ Geography 

• The water crisis has affected more than 7,000 villages, 1,100 wards, and 220 talukas thus far in Karnataka . 
• High Water Stress: India has about 18 percent of the world’s population but only 4 percent of the world’s water resources (NITI Aayog Report, 2017), making it among the most water stressed in the world. 

• Low Per capita water availability: It is around 1,100 cubic meters (m3), well below the internationally recognized threshold of water stress of 1,700 m3 per person, and dangerously close to the threshold for water scarcity of 1,000 m 3 per person.

• Uneven Distribution: Monsoon rains are crucial, and erratic rainfall patterns worsen water stress in many regions.

• Strained Access: Millions lack access to safe drinking water, relying on polluted sources or struggling to afford clean water.
• Widening gap between water demand and availability: Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation are taking a heavy toll on the overall water demand scenario. 

Reasons for scarcity

• Rising Demand: Population growth and rapid urbanization put immense pressure on water resources.

• Overexploitation: Excessive groundwater extraction for agriculture and industry depletes aquifers faster than they can be replenished.
• Pollution: Industrial waste and agricultural runoff contaminate surface water sources, making them unfit for consumption.
• Poor Infrastructure: Leakages in pipes and canals waste precious water, further straining supplies.
• Climate Change: Unpredictable weather patterns disrupt monsoons and exacerbate water scarcity.

Measure to overcome the water scarcity 

• A circular water economy:  To maximize the utility of every litre of water and reduce the city’s dependence on external sources.
• Water Saving Techniques: Drip irrigation and other efficient methods are being introduced in agriculture.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating people about water conservation and sanitation practices is crucial.
• Infrastructure Improvements: Upgrading water treatment plants and distribution networks is essential.
• Sustainable Water Management: Integrated water resource management that considers all stakeholders is needed.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between government, businesses, and NGOs can accelerate progress.
• Community Participation: Empowering local communities to manage water resources effectively is vital.
• Technological Solutions: Exploring desalination, wastewater treatment, and rainwater harvesting technologies can provide new water sources.

Major Government initiatives

• National Water Mission; The main objective of the NWM is ‘Conservation of water, minimising wastage, and ensuring its more equitable distribution both across and within States through integrated water resources development and management’.
• The mission addresses SDG target 6.1 which focuses on achieving universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030.
• Ministry of Jal Shakti: The Government has created the Ministry of Jal Shakti in May 2019 to consolidate interrelated functions pertaining to water management.
• Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABY):   The aim of the scheme is to improve the management of groundwater resources in such areas, which accounts for about 37 percent of such blocks in the country.
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) : It is a centrally sponsored scheme (core scheme) launched in 2015. The centre- state share will be 75:25 per cent. In the case of the north-eastern region and hilly states, it will be 90:10. Its objectives are-
• Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) – It aims to provide Central Loan Assistance (CLA) to major and medium irrigation projects that were in an advanced stage of completion to achieve the targeted potential, ultimately resulting in saving water and improving efficiency. 
• National Aquifer Mapping and Management Programme (NAQUIM): Under NAQUIM, groundwater aquifers have been mapped and management plans have been made for 80 percent of the country.
• Bureau of Water Use Efficiency (BWUE) : It will be a facilitator for the promotion of improving water use efficiency across various sectors namely irrigation, drinking water supply, power generation, industries, etc., in the country.
• In Narmada Bachao Andolan v Union of India (2000), the Court concluded that water is part of the right to life enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution. Hence, it is our collective responsibility to ensure this basic human right is fulfilled.
• The water crisis demands immediate and collective action. By adopting sustainable practices, promoting water conservation, and investing in infrastructure , India can mitigate the crisis and ensure a water-secure future.

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Environmental concerns linked with artificial intelligence (ai), india’s space economy, urban transformation strategies: a holistic approach, daily current affairs 27-07-2024.

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Water Crisis Essay

In this water crisis essay, we had describe about water crisis in details.

Water is the basic requirement for the survival and promotion of humans, animals, birds and vegetation.

Environmental pollution is a major cause of ‘water crisis’ as a result the underground layer increases rapidly.

In 1951, the per capita water availability was about 5177 cubic meters, this has now come down to around 1545 in 2011 (Source: Water Resources Division, TERI).

What is Water Crisis?

The lack of available water resources to meet the demands of water use within a region is called ‘water crisis’.

Around 2.8 billion people living in all continents of the world are affected by water crisis at least one month each year, over 1.2 billion people do not have access to clean water for drinking.

Global Scenario of Water Crisis:

Due to increasing demand for water resources, climate change and population explosion, there is a decrease in water availability.

It is estimated that in the Middle East region of Asia, most of North Africa, Pakistan, Turkey, Afghanistan and Spain, countries are expected to have water stress situation by 2040.

Along with this, many other countries including India, China, Southern Africa, USA and Australia may also face high water stress.

Status of Water Crisis in India – Water Crisis Essay:

In India, 330 million people or nearly a quarter of the country’s population are affected by severe drought due to two consecutive years of weak monsoon.

About 50% of the regions of India are experiencing drought like conditions, particularly in the western and southern states, with severe water crisis.

According to the Composite Water Management Index report released in 2018 by the NITI Aayog , 21 major cities of the country (Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad) and about 100 million people living in these cities are facing the severe problem of water crisis.

 12% of India’s population is already living under ‘Day Zero’ conditions.

Day Zero: In order to attract the attention of all people to limit and manage water consumption in the city of Cape Town, the idea of Day Zero was introduced so as to increase management and awareness of limiting water use.

Causes of Water Crisis in India:

The problems of water crisis in India are mainly indicated in the southern and northwestern parts, the geographical location of these areas that it receives less rainfall, the southwest monsoon does not receive rainfall on the Chennai coast.

Similarly, by reaching the monsoon in the northwest, it becomes weak due to which the amount of rainfall also decreases.

Monsoon uncertainty in India is also a major cause of water crisis. In recent years, due to the impact of El-Nino, rainfall has decreased, due to which a situation of water crisis has arisen.

The agricultural ecology of India is favorable for crops that require more water for production, such as rice, wheat, sugarcane, jute and cotton etc.

The problem of water crisis is particularly prevalent in agricultural areas having these crops, the state of water crisis has arisen due to the strengthening of agriculture in Haryana and Punjab.

Serious efforts are not made to reuse water resources in Indian cities that is why the problem of water crisis in urban areas has reached a worrying situation.

Instead of reusing most of the water in cities, they are directly discharged into a river.

There is a lack of awareness among people about water conservation, the misuse of water is constantly increasing; Lawn, washing of cart, leaving the bottle open at the time of water use, etc.

Efforts to Conserve Water:

Under the Sustainable Development Goal, water availability and sustainable management is to be ensured for all people by the year 2030, the following efforts for water conservation are being made to meet this goal as follows:

At present, the use of low water crops is being encouraged to reduce the excessive use of water due to the intensification of agriculture.

In the Second Green Revolution, emphasis is being placed on low water intensity crops.

Efforts are being made to conserve water through dams, the government is also taking help from the World Bank for dam repair and reconstruction.

Guidelines have been issued by the government for construction of water tanks under the water supply program during the construction of buildings in the cities.

The NITI Aayog has released the overall water management index to inspire the effective use of water in states and union territories.

Precautions to avoid Water Crisis:

High-water crops such as wheat, rice, etc. should be transferred from coarse grains because about one-third of the water can be saved using these crops.

Also, the nutritional level of coarse cereals is also high, the use of low-water crops should be increased in areas with less rainfall.

In recent years, such efforts have been made by the Government of Tamil Nadu, water consumption efficiency should be increased, as it is still less than 30% in the best cases.

Public awareness is essential for water conservation because problem of water crisis has risen, however in some areas of America with less water availability than in countries like India.

RELATED ESSAYS:

SAVE WATER ESSAY | WATER POLLUTION ESSAY | WATER CONSERVATION ESSAY

Conclusion for Water Crisis Essay:

Water is an important natural resource as it maintains all living beings on the earth.

 We use it for drinking and cooking, bathing and cleaning, surprisingly less than one percent of the total water supply is potable, but water pollution and misuse of water crisis lead to the ‘water crisis’.

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Essay on Water Conservation: Samples in 150, 200, 250 Words

• Updated on  
• May 8, 2024

What makes you curious to write an essay on water conservation? This life-saving resource is essential for all forms of life on Earth. Water is the essential natural resource present on Earth. Out of the total water present on Earth, 97.5% is salt water and 2.5% is fresh water. 70% of the human body is made of water. But, with the growing population , and climatic crisis , we are facing the urgent need to conserve water.

Water conservation is a hot topic, if you need a sample essay on water conservation then, you are at the right place. In this blog post, we have covered essays on water conservation in 100, 200, and 250 words. Further we are also providing a sample piece of writing on essay on water conservation. So, stay tuned and read further to get some ideas about water conservation!

• 1 Essay on Water Conservation in 100 Words
• 2 Essay on Water Conservation in 200 Words
• 3.1 Water Scarcity
• 3.2 Ways to Conserve Water
• 4 Short Essay on Water Conservation

Also Read: World Water Day

Essay on Water Conservation in 100 Words

Water is crucial for all components of life which makes it a necessary resource for day-to-day activities. We use water for domestic activities like cooking, bathing, drinking, washing, etc. So, ultimately the consumption of water is very high. This makes it necessary to conserve water. Just as air, water is also important for life. Besides, water consumption, water pollution, and water scarcity are also some of the major water-related issues that need attention so that we can conserve water.

Every year we celebrate World Water Day on 22 March. This day is celebrated to spread awareness about the importance of water and run campaigns to conserve water on Earth. There are several ways to conserve water such as switching to showers, turning off taps when not in use, don’t pollute water bodies, storing rainwater, etc.

Also Read: Essay on Water Pollution

Essay on Water Conservation in 200 Words

Water is one of the Earth’s most precious resources. But the world is facing water scarcity. As per the SDA report 2022, around 2 billion people worldwide are lacking safe drinking water. This means they are more vulnerable to diseases and unhealthy life. 

Apart from the increasing population, climatic change is also hampering the quality of water. Floods and Droughts are more frequent due to the vulnerability of climate, thereby increasing the need to conserve water.

Water conservation is vital to meet the growing global demand for fresh water. Water consumption is very high for agriculture, industry, and households. By conserving water, we can ensure that there is a surplus amount of water to use and avoid conflicts over this limited resource.

Water conservation helps to maintain a balance in the ecosystem because every living thing on this planet is directly associated with the use of water. Reducing water consumption reduces the energy footprint associated with water supply.

The best ways of water conservation are rainwater harvesting , installing water plants, reusing water for gardening purposes, turning off taps when not in use, proper irrigation, installing automatic tap shut-off devices, not polluting water sources, and many more.

If we don’t want to witness the world die due to water scarcity then, it’s high time to conserve water and save the planet and future generations.

Also Read: Essay on Save Water

Water Conservation Essay 250 Words

Water conservation is a crucial step in protecting the environment. It is an important compound that supports life on Earth. The world has been facing water-related disasters due to scarcity of freshwater. 70% of the earth as well as the human body is composed of water, but there is a limited amount of freshwater to use. Owing to the ever-increasing population, climatic changes, global warming, and pollution, the need for the conservation of water is increasing. To do so, it is our fundamental duty to conserve water by planting more trees, managing water plants, storing rainwater, and making smart use of water. 

Water scarcity is a critical global issue that needs strict attention when the demand for freshwater exceeds the available supply of water. It can manifest in various ways, including a lack of access to clean drinking water, inadequate water for agriculture and industrial processes, and stressed or depleted natural water sources. 

Here are some factors that contribute to water scarcity:

• Climate change
• Growing population
• Global warming
• Inefficient water management
• Water pollution
• Increasing demand
• Poor irrigation techniques
• Wastage of water, and much more.

Ways to Conserve Water

Conserving water is crucial to help address water scarcity and ensure a sustainable water supply for both present and future generations. You can contribute individually by taking small measures to conserve water like turning off the tap. Likewise, here are some ways to conserve water:

• Drip irrigation technique
• Soil management
• Plantation of drought-tolerant crops
• Apply Mulching
• Recycle and reuse water
• Rainwater harvesting
• Desalination
• Spread awareness to conserve water
• Donate to the water cleaning campaign
• Implement proper water management techniques.

Also Read: Types of Water Pollution

Short Essay on Water Conservation

Find the sample of short essay on water conservation below:

Also Read: Essay on Save Environment: Samples in 100, 200, 300 Words

Water conservation is the individual or collective practice of efficient use of water. This helps in protecting the earth from the situation of water scarcity. We can individually contribute to water conservation by not wasting water, reducing the over-consumption of water, rainwater harvesting, etc. Water conservation is an important call because there is a limited amount of fresh water available on earth.

Here are 10 ways to save water. 1. Rainwater harvesting 2 Install water plants 3. Reuse water 4. Maintain proper water management plans 5. Fix the irrigation system 6. Use a bucket 7. Turn off the tap when not in use 8. Keep a regular check on pipe leakage 9. Do not pollute water bodies 10. Participate in water cleaning campaigns

Here are 5 points on the importance of water conservation: It helps the ecosystem; Water conservation is necessary for drought-prone areas; It helps reduce costs; Water conservation improves the quality of water; and Maintains the health of the aquatic ecosystem.

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Hi, I am Kajal, a pharmacy graduate, currently pursuing management and is an experienced content writer. I have 2-years of writing experience in Ed-tech (digital marketing) company. I am passionate towards writing blogs and am on the path of discovering true potential professionally in the field of content marketing. I am engaged in writing creative content for students which is simple yet creative and engaging and leaves an impact on the reader's mind.

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Students are often asked to write an essay on Water Scarcity in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Water Scarcity

Introduction.

Water is a vital resource for all life on Earth. However, we are facing a growing problem known as water scarcity. It means not having access to enough clean water.

Causes of Water Scarcity

Water scarcity can be due to physical lack of water or lack of access. Climate change, overuse, and pollution are major causes.

Effects of Water Scarcity

It can lead to health issues, hunger, and even conflicts. It can also harm our environment.

To fight water scarcity, we need to conserve water, reduce pollution, and manage water resources wisely.

250 Words Essay on Water Scarcity

Water scarcity, a global issue of increasing concern, is defined as the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands within a region. It affects every continent and around 2.8 billion people globally at least one month out of every year.

The primary causes of water scarcity are a blend of natural and human-induced factors. Climate change is exacerbating the issue by altering precipitation patterns, leading to droughts in some areas and floods in others. Human activities, like overuse and wastage of water, deforestation, and pollution, are significantly contributing to water scarcity.

Impacts of Water Scarcity

The impacts of water scarcity are multifaceted and far-reaching. It hampers socio-economic development, leads to food insecurity, and triggers conflicts over water resources. It also poses a serious threat to biodiversity and disrupts ecosystems, which can result in irreversible damage.

Solutions to Water Scarcity

Addressing water scarcity requires a holistic and multi-disciplinary approach. This includes implementing water-efficient technologies, promoting water conservation, improving water management, and protecting water ecosystems. International cooperation is also crucial for sharing water resources equitably and sustainably.

To conclude, water scarcity is a pressing issue that requires immediate attention and action. Through collective efforts, we can ensure water security for all, thereby safeguarding our planet’s future.

500 Words Essay on Water Scarcity

Understanding water scarcity.

Water scarcity refers to the lack of sufficient water resources to meet the demands within a region. It is not just about the physical insufficiency of water but also involves the lack of access to safe and clean water. The United Nations recognizes it as a crisis, with more than 2 billion people living in countries experiencing high water stress.

Water scarcity is primarily a result of two key issues: increased demand and inadequate supply. Population growth and urbanization have led to a surge in water demand for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. On the supply side, factors such as climate change, pollution, and overexploitation of water resources contribute to the problem.

The impacts of water scarcity are far-reaching and multidimensional. On a human level, it affects health and sanitation, leading to diseases and even death. Economically, it hampers agriculture, which is heavily dependent on water, thereby affecting food security and livelihoods.

Moreover, water scarcity exacerbates social inequalities as marginalized communities often bear the brunt of the crisis. It also has environmental implications, leading to loss of biodiversity and degradation of ecosystems. At a larger scale, it can lead to conflicts over water resources and mass migrations, posing threats to global peace and security.

On the supply side, strategies include improving water infrastructure to reduce leakages, promoting rainwater harvesting, and implementing wastewater treatment and reuse. Furthermore, protecting and restoring water-related ecosystems can help maintain the natural water cycle and ensure long-term water security.

Water scarcity is a complex problem that requires urgent attention and action from all sectors of society. It is not just an environmental issue but a matter of social justice, economic development, and global security. By understanding its causes and impacts, and by implementing effective solutions, we can pave the way towards a sustainable and water-secure future.

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Essay on Water Crisis | Water Scarcity Essay

Essay on water crisis | water scarcity essay.

Water scarcity essay: Here we have written an essay on water crisis covering all the important points viz; meaning of water crisis, reason of water crisis, how to address problem of water scarcity etc. This water scarcity essay has 600 + words and very helpful for all exams.

Essay on Water Crisis

Earth is only planet that has water which is primary source of life without which life is impossible. 70% of our planet is covered with water and so it is easy to think that there is plenty of water and there will be no scarcity of water. But the realty of availability of water is far away from it. The freshwater that we use for drinking, bathing, irrigation etc. is incredibly rare. Only 3% of the total water is fresh water and out of which two-thirds is tucked away in frozen glaciers or otherwise unavailable for our use.

As a result, billions of people worldwide lack access to fresh water for at least one month during each year. Inadequate sanitation is also a major problem for billions of people. Due to inadequate sanitation they are exposed to water borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever etc.

Many of the water resources that keep our ecosystems thriving and feed entire human population have become stressed. Rivers, lakes and aquifers are drying up and becoming too polluted to use to due to excessive  and improper use. Climate change is also altering patterns of weather and water around the world. As a result, it causes shortages and droughts in some areas and floods in others.

How to tackle with the problem of water scarcity

While the situation of water crisis is dire, there are many solutions that can be helpful in addressing global water scarcity. These include creating awareness about water scarcity to understand the scope of the issue. In this regard World Water Day is observed every year on 22 March  with a specific to theme to create awareness about this vital resource of earth. Use of new technologies like wastewater recycling, energy-efficient desalination plants, solar and UV water filtration, nanofiltration, and rainwater harvesting systems can also be very helpful in addressing water scarcity.

Also Read: Essay on Global Warming

As almost 70% of fresh water is used in agriculture, making agricultural irrigation more efficient can be helpful in addressing water crisis. Enhanced soil moisture sensors, monitoring, weather stations, and communications systems should be use to get accurate data to ensure water is not wasted. In addition to this, growing seasonal and less water-intensive crops should also be explored and more  focused.

Reducing water pollution is also critical step to improving access to clean water. Individual, industries and all consumers should dispose of toxic substances safely rather than pour them down into drain.

Though more than half of earth covered with water, disastrous water crisis is creeping  on the world from a very long time and in India water crisis is constant. 17 % of world population live in India but it posses only 4% of world’s water resources. Some parts of India facing drought while others are facing flood. Ground water level is constantly declining. Green revolution which made India self-reliant in terms of food grains, is also a reason of water crisis. Some states like Punjab and Uttar Pradesh are producing rice by using too much water which is not the natural crop of these areas. Too much Irrigation in agriculture land making land unfertile and provoking the water crisis.

Also Read: Essay on Natural Disaster

Ground water is not only source of fresh water, rain water can also be stored and used for daily needs. Adopting rainwater harvesting and recharging groundwater is one of the simplest and best measures in conserving water. Some states like Tamilnadu are already doing good in rain water harvesting. This practice can efficiently be implemented in lieu of traditional water supplies that are currently on the verge of tapping out water resources. We cannot generate water so water is precious resource and we all should use is carefully.

A famous poet Raheem Das said- “Raheeman Pani Rakhiye Bin Pani Sab Soon,  Pani gaye na ubre moti manush choon”

Meaning - Conserve and save water because without water everything is zero, if it disappeared from the earth, ecosystem and human life  too would disappear with it.

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Flood Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on flood.

Flood is one of the most dangerous natural disasters. It happens when excessive water is collected in any area. It usually happens due to heavy rainfall. India is highly prone to flood. There are many regions in the country that face this natural disaster because of the overflowing of rivers. Moreover, it also happens because of the melting of snow. Another reason for floods is when the dam breaks down. If we look at the coastal areas, the hurricanes and tsunamis are held responsible for causing floods. In this essay on flood, we will see the prevention and after-affect of flood.

In other words, whatever the cause may be, it is equally dangerous. It has a lot of harmful consequences. Flood damages the living conditions and it takes a lot of time to recover from this disaster. Therefore, the consequences of floods must be known and steps must be taken to prevent it.

After-effects of Flood

Floods interrupt with the day to day functioning of the affected area. The severe floods sometimes cause mass destruction. A lot of people and animals lose their lives due to floods. Several others are injured. Floods also bring a rise in diseases. The stagnant water attracts mosquitoes causing malaria , dengue, and more illnesses.

Furthermore, people face power cuts due to the danger of electrocution. They also have to face expensive pricing. As the supply of food and goods gets limited, the prices naturally grow higher. This creates a big problem for the common man.

Most importantly, the whole country faces economic loss. The resources needed to rescue people and tackle this disaster demands a hefty amount. Plus, the citizens lose their houses and cars which they worked all their lives for.

Subsequently, floods also hamper the environment. It causes soil erosion and this degrades the quality of the soil. We lose out on fertile soil. Similarly, floods also damage flora and fauna. They damage crops and displace trees. Thus, the measure should be taken to avoid these grave consequences.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Ways to Prevent flood

The government and citizens must work together to formulate ways to prevent floods. Proper awareness must be spread about the steps to take when floods occur. Warning systems must be set up so people get sufficient time to save themselves. In addition, areas that are more likely to have floods must have tall buildings above the flood level.

Other than that, dams must be constructed strongly. The use of cheap materials causes dams to break. The government must ensure there is a quality building of dams to prevent floods.

In short, we cannot prevent natural causes like rain and the melting of glaciers. However, we can stop the manmade causes like breaking of dams, poor drainage system, installing warning systems and more. We should take inspiration from countries like Singapore that never experience floods despite having heavy rainfall for most time of the year.

FAQ on Flood Essay

Q.1 what are the consequences of a flood.

A.1 Floods cause immense destruction. They are responsible for the loss of human and animal lives. People lose their homes and cars in floods. They also cause soil erosion and uproot of trees.

Q.2 How can we prevent floods?

A.2 Governments must take up certain measures to prevent floods. We can install flood warning systems. Make people aware of what to do in times of flood. Moreover, we can also build a proper drainage system that will ensure no waterlogging.

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Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Water Scarcity — Water Shortage: A Global Crisis

Water Shortage: a Global Crisis

• Categories: Water Water Scarcity

About this sample

Words: 503 |

Published: Sep 12, 2023

Words: 503 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

The causes of water shortage, the consequences of water scarcity, potential solutions and mitigation strategies, conclusion: preserving the blue gold.

• Water Conservation: Promoting water-saving practices in agriculture, industry, and households can significantly reduce demand. This includes adopting efficient irrigation methods, fixing leaks, and implementing water recycling systems.
• Improved Infrastructure: Developing better water infrastructure, including dams, reservoirs, and distribution networks, can help manage and distribute water more effectively.
• Desalination: Investing in desalination technology can provide a source of freshwater in coastal regions where seawater can be converted into potable water.
• Rainwater Harvesting: Encouraging rainwater harvesting at the household and community levels can provide an additional source of freshwater, particularly in areas with irregular rainfall patterns.
• Policy and Governance: Implementing effective water management policies, regulating water use, and promoting international cooperation in water management are essential steps toward sustainability.

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Access to drinking water will be lost to about 40% of the people of the country and there is a possibility of a 6% loss to GDP due to the water crisis. Read: Essay On Jal Shakti Abhiyan In English In 250+ Words. Essay On Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyan In 700+ Words. Water Crisis has become a huge problem in India.

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Vatican says pope has not accepted invitation to go to Russia

VATICAN CITY (CNS) — Pope Francis has not accepted an invitation to travel to Moscow in June to meet with Vladimir Putin, the director of the Holy See press office said.

A report on the website of Intelligence Online, a French journal, “does not correspond to the truth,” Matteo Bruni told reporters March 20.

A story on the website March 19 had said Ivan Soltanovsky, the Russian ambassador to the Holy See, invited the pope to meet Vladimir Putin in Moscow in June, “an invitation that the pope accepted,” Intelligence Online had reported.

The journal said the pope, who repeatedly has been invited to visit Ukraine, would travel to Kyiv immediately after visiting Moscow.

After Russia launched its large-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Pope Francis said he would be willing to accept the invitation of the Ukrainian government to visit, but only if he could visit Moscow as well.

Earlier the Russian news agency RIA Novosti had reported that Pope Francis had congratulated Putin on his victory in the presidential election March 17, an election Western observers described as rigged. Bruni had told Catholic News Service March 18 that the report was not true.

The Vatican has repeatedly offered to act as a mediator between Ukraine and Russia, and last year Pope Francis sent his peace envoy for Ukraine, Italian Cardinal Matteo Zuppi of Bologna, to Kyiv, Moscow, Washington and Beijing to meet with foreign leaders and advance peace talks on Ukraine.

In early March, however, the pope caused consternation when segments of an interview were released in which he said Russia and Ukraine need to have the “courage of the white flag” to halt the fighting and negotiate.

The phrase “white flag” usually refers to surrendering, and Ukrainian leaders were outraged.

Pope Francis was not asking Ukraine to consider surrendering to Russia when he called for negotiations to end the war, but he was calling for both Russia and Ukraine to cease hostilities and engage in peace talks, said Cardinal Pietro Parolin, Vatican secretary of state.

At the end of his weekly general audience March 20, praying for peace in Ukraine and in the Holy Land, Pope Francis said, “War is always a defeat.”

“We must make every effort to discuss, to negotiate to end war,” he said. “Let’s pray for this.”

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Navigation 2 01-04-2019 20:16 papagena Multihull Sailboats 8 11-02-2012 07:40 For Sale: papagena Classifieds Archive 0 30-01-2012 02:52 For Sale: papagena Classifieds Archive 0 26-12-2010 02:43 For Sale: papagena Classifieds Archive 0 21-10-2010 02:35 No Threads to Display. - - - - - - - Privacy Guaranteed - your email is never shared with anyone, opt out any time. 389 IMAGES 44' St Francis Catamaran Exumas The Bahamas Charter Knysna 440 Review: Upgraded St Francis 44 St Francis 44 Catamaran Hull # 22 Knysna 440 Review: Upgraded St Francis 44 Catamaran st francis 44 bravo St Francis 44 Catamaran Hull # 22 COMMENTS Knysna 440 Review: Upgraded St Francis 44 No Comments on Knysna 440 Review: Upgraded St Francis 44 In 2002 Knysna Yacht Company (pronounced "Knees-nuh") set out to become a boutique builder for high quality, semi-custom catamarans. Building on the legacy of the South African catamaran industry, the company purchased the tooling for the Angelo Lavranos designed St. Francis 44 hulls. St. Francis 44 All '44's are sailed from St. Francis, South Africa to the US, so they are really blue water travelers. I was told that the day my boat left SA, the seas were so high that the mast of the accompanying boat disappeared into the trough of the preceding wave and was lost from view. The mast is 62 feet above the water. St Francis 44 or Lagoon tpi42 Boat: Cruising Catamaran. Posts: 1,181. Re: St Francis 44 or Lagoon tpi42. St Francis looks bigger but it has a large bow overhang its actual waterline is 39.5ft compared to a Lagoon 42 of 38.7ft so likely to have similar room. The St Francis: May be a bit quicker under sail as it has 20% more sail area. St. Francis 44 Join Date: May 2004. Location: annapolis. Boat: st francis 44 mk II catamaran. Posts: 1,218. Images: 4. for the MKII, they improved the clearance underneath the boat, they compensated for this rise by adding an equal amount to the cabin roof (it curves up on the mk II). 10 Affordable Cruising Catamarans St. Francis sold the tooling for the 44 to Knysna Yachts in 2004, and Knysna raised the headroom in the saloon and moved the engines aft to each stern. The hulls remained fundamentally the same, but the design was improved nicely. The largest negative of both the Saint Francis 44 and the Knysna 440 is that they have very low underwing clearance. St Francis 44 Catamarans For Sale Price Reduced! $269,000 (USD) Duty Paid. S/V Majestic is a St. Augustine based 1999 St Francis 44 MkII Catamaran For Sale by Owner. Photos & Details Contact Catamaran Owner. S/V Majestic is a true blue water cruising boat, built in South Africa and sailed across the Atlantic on her own hulls in 1999. This boat has never been in charter, and has ... St. Francis 44 "Mojito" Vessel Walkthrough TMC President, Phillip Berman, conducts a vessel walkthrough of the St. Francis 44 Catamaran "Mojito". St.Francis 44 MKII Cat Hello all, I have a friend who is interested in a St.Francis 44 MKII catamaran. Does anyone on the forum have any experience of these boats or know what they are like? Any feedback or links to reviews etc would be greatly appreciated. Thanks in advance, JB St. Francis 44 Mk II in St. Augustine Share. Price Reduced! $269,000 (USD) Duty Paid Location: St. Augustine (Florida) S/V Majestic is a St. Augustine based 1999 St Francis 44 MkII Catamaran For Sale By Owner. This Catamaran owner requires financial settlement only. No trades. S/V Soggy Paws A Little About St. Francis 44 Catamarans. Taken from the St. Francis Marine website... In 1988, Duncan Lethbridge, a successful real estate developer, builder & sailing champion, decided to take his family cruising. Angelo Lavranos, an acclaimed naval architect, was commissioned to design a comfortable cruising catamaran. Sold Catamaran BIRDWING 1994 St. Francis 44 Mark II 1994 St. Francis 44 Mark II Vessel Summary. Sold Catamaran BIRDWING 1994 St. Francis 44 Mark II. Inquire About this Boat Full Specifications Image Gallery "birdwing" BASIC SUMMARY. Boat Length: 44 ft: Asking Price: $129,000: Boat Name: "BIRDWING" ... St Francis 44 Blog Howdy! I cruise a 44 ft st Francis catamaran and have a blog going about it. It is rather simple and made with macs iWeb. All the posts are short with nice Picts. I try to discuss the realitys of such Used St Francis Catamaran 44 for Sale St Francis 44's are well known in USA & internationally as one of the most. capable circumnavigators of their class. Knynsa 44 now uses St Francis 44 hull moulds for their new luxury catamarans. Price. AU $275,000 Now reduced. Vessel Name. The Southern Cross. Launch Year. 1996. St. Francis 50 Sailboat Review I must be on a multihull" was my cheerful thought during our Boat of the Year test sail as the St. Francis 50, a South African-built catamaran, bounded upwind into a short chop at 10.5 knots in 26 to 30 knots of apparent wind. The St. Francis, close-reaching with full-battened main and rolled-out genny, simply flew, topping out at 12.2 knots. St-francis boats for sale Find St-francis boats for sale in your area & across the world on YachtWorld. Offering the best selection of st-francis boats to choose from. ... Catamaran. Make. Make-sea-ray-desktop. Sea Ray. Make-beneteau-desktop. Beneteau. Make-jeanneau-desktop. ... 1999 St. Francis 44 MKII. US$269,000. Integrity Yacht Sales | Saint Augustine, Florida ... Knysna 440 Catamarans For Sale Knysna 440 Review: Upgraded St Francis 44 In 2002 Knysna Yacht Company (pronounced "Knees-nuh") set out to become a boutique builder for high quality, semi-custom catamarans. Building on the legacy of the South African catamaran industry, the company purchased the tooling for the Angelo Lavranos designed St. Francis 44 hulls. pdq 44 catamaran for sale (215) 508-2704. Tao Catamarans; Dolphin Catamarans; Voyage Catamarans; All Pre-Owned Catamarans; Exclusive TMC Catamarans; Sold Catamarans; Buying A Multihull; Selling A Multihull dean 44 catamaran Did You Know That We Offer Contract to Closing Services? Click Here to Find Out More. Need Marine Financing? Apply Here With Our Partner, First Approval Source. Catamaran Intervie St. Francis 44 Catamaran Join Date: Oct 2010. Location: East Africa. Boat: Catamaran St. Francis 44. Posts: 10. St. Francis 44 Catamaran - LAST AND BEST OFFER! Don't miss out on this one! PAPAGENA was custom built as an owner's cruising boat with 3 double cabins (2 en-suite, 1 separate heads). For this purpose the aft section of both hulls was adapted while the ... 42 catamaran sailboat for sale Lagoon 42 Just Listed. Used yachts for sale, sail catamarans 40ft > 50ft, lagoon boats for sale, lagoon 42 boats for sale. Buy with Confidence. 2018 Lagoon 42 | Annapolis, MD. Boa For Sale: St. Francis 44 Catamaran Don't miss out on this one! PAPAGENA was custom built as an owner's cruising boat with 3 double cabins (2 en-suite, 1 separate heads). For this purpose the aft section of both hulls was adapted while Vatican says pope has not accepted invitation to go to Russia VATICAN CITY (CNS) — Pope Francis has not accepted an invitation to travel to Moscow in June to meet with Vladimir Putin, the director of the Holy See press office said. A report on the website of Intelligence Online, a French journal, "does not correspond to the truth," Matteo Bruni told reporters March 20. A story on the website March ... Crew Wanted: St Francis 44 catamaran : Ft Pierce to Mystic St. Francis 44 Catamaran - LAST AND BEST OFFER! papagena: Multihull Sailboats: 8: 11-02-2012 07:40: For Sale: St. Francis 44 Catamaran - Best and Last Offer ! papagena: Classifieds Archive: 0: 30-01-2012 02:52: For Sale: St. Francis 44 Cruising Catamaran 'Papagena' papagena: Classifieds Archive: 0: 26-12-2010 02:43: For Sale: St. Francis 44 ... catamaran gulet motorboat powerboat riverboat sailboat trimaran yacht