sailing catamaran mast

How Are Catamaran Masts Fixed Down

Most masts on production multihulls are fixed, non-articulating, aluminum extrusions and are therefore preferred for their reliability.

above Yves Parlier's radical "Hydraplaneur" showing her advanced stepped hulls and biplane rig. Note how the masts are stepped on the crossbeams and not on deck; this reduces compression loads and allows a lighter build.

Shroud, forestay and leach tensions are counteracted by the compression of the mast on the central crossbeam, necessitating this critical zone to be one of the strongest structures on a catamaran . Loads are measured in tons. In some recent mishaps, high-strung and under-built America's Cup racing monohulls broke in half because of these massive rig forces.

below The absolute best way to attach shrouds to a multihull. Aramid lashings are very strong, extremely reliable and easy to visually inspect.

We should also look at rotating masts which, if properly designed, have advantageous applications even on a cruising catamaran.

As we have seen, multihull masts must cope with a large range of loads. Since momentary rig forces can be 50% higher than on monohulls, the entire rig and its support system must be stronger. This can either be achieved by beefing up the wall thickness of the mast section or by increasing its cross-sectional area. Both have their advantages and drawbacks, and it is again up to the designer to find the proper balance. Increasing the wall thickness of the mast will make it stiffer, but also heavier. On the other hand, enlarging its chord will increase windage and, if non-rotating, will spoil the important incidence of air onto the leading edge of the mainsail. Both solutions bear undesirable features, especially up high on a multihull. Another way to resist bending is to leave the mast section as it is and add more shrouds and stays, which again is not the best in terms of windage and air drag.

Halyards can exert a considerable amount of additional compression onto the mast; therefore, it is recommended that 2:1 halyards be utilized wherever practical. Long halyard tails might need more care in handling and stowing, yet the asset of having more purchase power to raise the mainsail, or haul someone up the mast, are additional benefits of a two-part halyard.

Often, increasing the mast's cross-section is the only way to accomplish column stiffness; yet being able to shape that larger section into an aerofoil, and streamlining it into the mainsail, seems to have additional benefits. That is where the rotating mast comes in. Similar to a fixed mast, it can be self-supporting and held upright by only three wires, yet because it needs to rotate the compression is less. Mast engineers' prime objective is to structure a column that resists bending under axial compression. But, unlike the fixed non-rotating mast type, there is less down force on the mast as it is allowed to pivot around a ball located at its base. Shroud tension is usually considerably less and the big advantage of being able to turn the mast's leading edge into the oncoming airflow will reduce windage. In fact, it will effectively "pre-bend" the wind onto the mainsail luff.

Usually the angle of attack of the mast can be changed with control lines and a purchase system, which is located under the gooseneck or close to the mast base. Being able to rotate the mast will clean up the turbulence on the all-important back side of the mainsail

Typical Catamaran Rigs seif-supporting carbon mast double spreader tall rig single spreader rig

Optional Running Backstays

Optional Running Backstays and will benefit both light-air and heavy-weather performance. The efficiency of the mainsail can be considerably improved by permitting mast rotation to the correct angle of attack in relation to the apparent wind. Most of the drive of a sail is developed on the low-pressure, leeward side, and reducing turbulence where it counts will be rewarded with higher speeds.

Rotating masts are not without drawbacks as we will discover. First, they can be considered a big moving part and we all know that whatever moves could shift more than we would want and break. Further, careful attention must be paid to the proper engineering of the hounds and the mast base. A lot of loads congregate in those zones, yet they must be designed to allow for safe operation and movement. Lastly, rotating masts present aligning problems for navigation lights and radar units. Often complicated electronic compensators need to be installed to allow for recalibrating rotation angles.

Wing masts are basically rotating masts taken one step further. Their cord is exaggerated and they can generate massive lift. Some advocates swear by them, some even say they are practical storm sails, yet in my mind they are too high to be used as heavy-weather sails and can easily overpower the boat. Since they cannot be reefed, they are impractical and cannot be recommended for cruisers.

Freestanding masts had a short blip on the monohull radar screen in the mid '80s, when Freedom Yachts built its mandrel spun carbon masts at TPI in New England. They made a lot of sense as they eliminated standing rigging. They were below Forward crossbeams should always be attached to the hulls by a pin, by far the strongest way to deal with the massive loads experienced in these crucial areas. Small Delrin bushings allow minimal flex, thereby dissipating the slight torque movement of the beam. Some boats which have rigid attachments can develop fatigue cracks in that important zone.

above With no one standing at the wheel, modern autopilots reliably steer the boat for days on end. Observe the poled out clew of the asymmetric spinnaker, braced to windward, to present more sail area to the wind.

all keel stepped and needed to be braced by massive structures at deck level. A monohull, which can dump wind pressure when heeling, can dissipate mast loads easier than a super stable multihull. Few biplane, free-standing rigs have been tried on catamarans, but the feasibility, especially in view of the deck loads, is questionable. The essence of a multihull is light weight and stiff construction. The need for heavy bracing would negate this philosophy. Most importantly, fast multihulls bring the wind forward and sail upwind all the time, which necessitates a decent headsail and tight forestay - both of these are omitted features on freestanding masts. Besides it would be nearly impossible to "keel" step a mast into a catamaran's hull.

Aside from the spruce and telephone pole rigs of the past, the most popular material for masts is aluminum and carbon. The subject of carbon fiber masts is a long one and best reserved for mechanical engineers. If one is looking for all-out performance, no matter what the price, carbon fiber makes a lot of sense. Any ounce saved up high in the rig is worth ten times its weight down low. Carbon fiber is a man-made miracle and its stiffness characteristics are among the best in the world. It is incredibly resilient in both tension and compression and shows great durability. And - it is very expensive! The truth is that one has to really weigh the benefit of a few pounds saved aloft versus the $80,000 it will cost to do so. However, carbon as a material has to be carefully scrutinized. In fact, it is produced in a variety of moduli and a top-quality aluminum mast could be better than a low modulus carbon type. Reliability is also an issue. Lately there have been a number of lightning strikes on carbon rigs, which could have something to do with their conductivity characteristics. If I were to build a personal multihull racer, carbon would be my choice (if I could afford it). For an easily serviced world voyager, I'd take a good aluminum mast any day, and get a longer boat with the savings.

Continue reading here: Catamaran Jib Camber

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Readers' Questions

What holds the mast on catamaran in place?

The mast on a catamaran is held in place by various components, including: Standing Rigging: This consists of stainless steel cables or wire ropes that are tensioned to support the mast vertically and prevent it from moving side to side. The standing rigging includes stays (fore and aft) and shrouds (port and starboard). These are attached to the hulls or crossbeams of the catamaran. Spreaders: These are horizontal bars or rods that are attached to the mast and extend to either side at various heights. They help to hold the shrouds away from the mast, providing additional stability and distributing the forces from the mast. Forestay and Backstay: The forestay is the wire rope that runs from the front of the mast to the bow of the catamaran, helping to support the mast forward. The backstay is a similar wire rope that runs from the top of the mast to the aft of the catamaran, providing additional support and preventing the mast from moving aft. Mast Step: This is the point where the mast is attached to the catamaran's deck or crossbeam. It is typically a sturdy base with a pivoting mechanism or a fixed support to allow the mast to rotate or remain in a fixed position. Compression Members: These are additional structural components, usually made of carbon fiber or aluminum, that help distribute the compression forces from the mast into the hulls or crossbeams. They provide additional support and ensure the integrity of the catamaran's structure. Overall, the combination of standing rigging, spreaders, forestay, backstay, mast step, and compression members work together to hold the mast securely in place on a catamaran.

Why dont cantamarans have masthead sloop rigs?

Cantamarans, also known as catamarans, generally don't have masthead sloop rigs for a few reasons: Stability: Catamarans are known for their stability due to their wide beam and twin hulls. By using a fractional rig instead of a masthead rig, the center of effort of the sail is lower, which helps to maintain stability. Reduced heeling: Heeling is the process of a boat leaning over due to wind pressure on the sails. Catamarans already have reduced heeling compared to monohulls because of their wide beam. A fractional rig further reduces heeling by positioning the center of effort closer to the yacht's centerline, resulting in less force acting to tip the boat. Performance efficiency: With a fractional rig, the sail plan can be more easily adjusted to the prevailing wind conditions. By varying the mainsail and jib size independently, catamarans can optimize their performance in different wind strengths, allowing for better upwind and downwind sailing. Mast height limitations: Masthead rigs are typically limited by the height of the mast due to stability considerations. Catamarans often have a larger sail area compared to monohulls, and a masthead rig would require a significantly taller mast, which can introduce challenges in terms of stability, weight distribution, and overall design. That said, there are some catamarans that do use masthead rig setups, particularly larger cruising or racing catamarans that are built specifically for certain purposes. However, the majority of catamarans utilize fractional rigs for the reasons mentioned above.

How hard is it to step a mast on a catamaran?

Stepping a mast on a catamaran can vary in difficulty depending on various factors such as the size of the catamaran, the design of the mast stepping system, and the experience of the person or crew undertaking the task. Typically, stepping a mast on a catamaran involves raising the mast into an upright position and securing it in place. This may require careful maneuvering, coordination, and physical effort. Smaller catamarans with lighter masts and simpler systems may be relatively easier to step, especially with the help of a few people. However, larger catamarans with heavier masts or more complex mast stepping mechanisms may require additional equipment or a more experienced crew. It is essential to follow the manufacturer's instructions, consult with experienced sailors, or seek professional assistance when stepping a mast on a catamaran, especially if you are not familiar with the process. Safety precautions and proper knowledge are crucial to prevent damage to the boat, equipment, or injury to individuals involved.

Can catamaran lagoon drop sail mast?

Yes, it is possible to lower the mast on a Catamaran Lagoon. In order to do this, you will need to remove the standing rigging, the headstay, and possibly the backstay, depending on the model of your boat. Next, you will need to secure the mast to the deck with a couple of lines and then safely lower it down with a come-along or some other lifting or lowering device. Once the mast is safely down, you will need to secure it to the deck securely.

Can the mast be lowered on 50ft catamaran?

Yes, depending on the type of mast setup, it is usually possible to lower the mast on a 50 foot catamaran. This may require the help of a professional rigger, and in some cases, structural modifications may need to be made.

How far back from the front of a 50 ft catamaran is the mast?

The distance from the front of a 50 ft catamaran to the mast can vary depending on the type of catamaran being referenced. Generally, a 50 ft catamaran mast is located around 15-25 ft from the front of the boat.

How big a mast for a 16 foot Catamaran?

The size of the mast for a 16 foot Catamaran depends on the type and design of the boat. Generally, the mast should be 2-3 feet longer than the water line for most sailing boats.

How is a mast supported on a leapord catamaran?

A mast is typically supported on a Leopard catamaran with a combination of the hull and a rigid support structure that ties the two hulls together, such as spreaders. The spreaders also provide additional stability to the mast and provide greater resistance against side-loading and vibration.

How deep does the mast on a catamaran need to be?

The depth of the mast on a catamaran will depend on the size and design of the particular catamaran. In general, masts can range from as low as 6 feet to as high as 40 feet.

Are sailin gmasts under compression?

Yes, a sailing mast can be designed and constructed to handle compression. Masts are designed with specific sail plans, vessel type, and operating conditions in mind. The material used to construct the mast must also be able to withstand the compression created by the sail plan. For example, a carbon fiber mast may be used to provide superior compression resistance. Additionally, the mast may be designed with additional reinforcements, such as shrouds and stays, to further increase its compression resistance.

What is a catamarans rigging and mast?

A catamaran's rigging and mast is designed to support the sails and the boom which extends beyond the mast. The rigging consists of a series of cables, webbings, and supports which are used to tension the sails and to hold the mast in place. The mast is a tall, vertical structure which rises from the center of the boat and is used to hoist and support the sails.

What is mast material catamaran?

Mast material for a catamaran typically consists of aluminum or carbon fiber. Aluminum masts are typically more budget-friendly, but carbon fiber masts are lighter and more durable. Both offer great benefits, so it is up to the individual to decide which material best fits their needs.

Does a cruising catamaran mast pivot at the deck?

No, a cruising catamaran mast does not pivot at the deck.

Does it matter where the mast is placed on a catameran?

Yes, the mast placement on a catamaran affects the boat's balance and performance. The optimal mast placement depends on factors such as boat type, size, and design.

How to get mast up on small catamaran?

To raise the mast on a small catamaran, first secure the halyard to the boom and secure the boom in the mast step. Next, hoist the mast up and attach the forestay, shrouds, and any additional stays and rigging. Finally, adjust the rigging and forestay tension, and clip the halyards to the cleats.

How is the mast attach on a catamaran?

The mast of a catamaran is usually attached through a combination of a compression post, mast step, and rigging. The compression post runs through the bridgedeck and supports the mast step, which is a metal plate fastened to the deck with bolts. The rigging consists of a set of wire stays, shrouds, and a forestay that attach to the mast step and pull the mast up into proper alignment.

What is a carbon fiber mast on a catamaran diagram?


How is a mast fixed to a boat?

A mast is usually fixed to a boat through a step, which is a metal tube or collar firmly attached to the boat's deck, to which the mast is then attached with bolts, straps, or pins.

How to make catamaran mast?

Building a catamaran mast requires specialized tools, materials and knowledge of boat building. First, you will need to purchase a set of mast building plans that include all the required materials and specifications. Next, you will need to gather all the materials, including aluminum or carbon tubes, aluminum or carbon booms, standing rigging, and running rigging. Once you have all the materials, you will need to mark out your mast plan on a piece of plywood and then cut the pieces to size and shape. The next step is to assemble the mast using clamps, rivets, and glue. When assembling the mast, use epoxy resin to ensure a good bond between the parts. After the mast has been assembled, you will need to sand and apply two coats of paint. Finally, you can attach the mast shrouds, spreaders, and halyards to secure the mast in place.

Can you put a mast on a catamaran boats?

Yes, you can put a mast on a catamaran boat. Many types of catamaran boats have a mast and a sail that can be used to propel the boat.

Do multihull sailing yachts brake masts often?

No, multihull sailing yachts typically do not break masts. However, due to the nature of their design, they can experience higher loads on the rigs, which can lead to a broken mast in extreme conditions.

How is the mast fixed to a catamaran?

The mast of a catamaran is typically held securely in place by a combination of shrouds, stays and adjustable backstays. The shrouds and stays attach the mast to the deck at either side of the boat and help to absorb any shock loads. The backstays are then used to tension the mast and keep it in the correct position.

How to rig a mast for a catamaran?

Secure the bottom of the mast to your catamaran. This can be done by attaching the mast to a bracket or collar at the base of the hull. Attach the halyard to the top of the mast. Many catamarans come with a pre-attached halyard, but if yours does not, you will need to secure the line to the top of the mast. Connect the standing rigging to the mast. This typically involves attaching a series of lines and turnbuckles to the sides and top of the mast. Lubricate and adjust the mast and rigging. You may need to lubricate any moving parts, such as the turnbuckles and halyard, and adjust the mast so that it is in the correct position. Secure the sail to the mast. Attach the sail to the mast using a series of battens, ropes, and cleats. Check for any loose lines or hardware and also check the mast for any signs of damage or wear.

How are catamaran masts fixed down?

Catamaran masts are typically fixed down with a variety of methods, including an adjustable bridle system connected to the hulls, static bridles connected to eye plates on the hulls, or even directly bolted down to the crossbeam. Additionally, some masts are held down with a combination of ropes and tackle systems.

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The Angled Mast Explained:  Why a Bit of Tilt is Straight Up Better

Leopard catamarans are masterpieces of design. Every detail from stem to stern is carefully considered, evaluated and reconsidered before becoming part of the boat’s blueprint.

So why is a Leopard sailing catamaran’s mast tilted aft?  That tilt is known as the rake, and it serves two purposes — improving the boat’s performance and stability in the rig geometry.

Allow our yacht designer to explain...

A raked mast helps smooth the airflow around the sails, which eases your Leopard’s forward motion.

“As you move through the water, you get a lateral airflow over your sails, from the front to the back,” says yacht designer and naval architect Alexander Simonis. “But you also get vortexes at the top and bottom of your sails. This circular flow, these tip vortexes, disturb the airflow and create resistance.”

Vortexes become more common as the flow increases (aka when the wind blows faster) and the air grows more disturbed. Angling the mast reduces the effect of these vortexes, with steeper angles doing the most to reduce their added resistance. That’s why Simonis says, you will see windsurfers riding a brisk wind with their mast pulled back up to 20 degrees, which they do to keep balance, and (perhaps unbeknown to them) significantly reduce the losses caused by these vortexes.

So what's the perfect angle?

Leopard masts are raked less than five degrees off the vertical. 

“The research shows that angling the mast back eight degrees is more or less the optimum to minimize the vortex effect you get [on a Leopard],” says Simonis. “We’d like to reach that theoretical maximum, but it’s not practical. Eight degrees doesn't sound like a lot, but if we did that, the tip of the mast would probably be above where the tender sits. We found that we get a lot of benefits with between 3.8 and 4.2 degrees of rake. That's what we do as a standard on these boats.”

That degree of rake also helps better distribute the loads between the forestay and the side stays. Additionally, the Leopard’s rake places the mainsails’ center of effort behind the boat’s center of lateral resistance. The boat is naturally inclined to generate some weather helm with this arrangement, so when you release the wheel, the boat tends to slowly turn into the wind.

Any other purpose for the raked mast?

A raked mast does one other important thing for your Leopard. It makes the boat look even more sleek and cool. How? Experts say… well…it just does. While no one can pinpoint why a raked mast looks good on a boat, everyone agrees it’s aesthetically more pleasing than a straight mast. Nineteenth-century schooners and yachts often had high degrees of rake because the feature was associated with speed. Indeed, the term “rake” for a man who lives a fast and colorful life comes from the sailing term.

Improved performance and good looks. Who knew that four degrees could be such a difference-maker.

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Parts of Catamaran: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding the Components

by Emma Sullivan | Aug 2, 2023 | Sailboat Racing

Short answer: The key parts of a catamaran include the hulls, bridgedeck, mast(s), rigging, sails, rudders, and daggerboards. These components work together to provide stability, propulsion, and control for this type of multi-hulled watercraft.

Exploring the Essential Parts of a Catamaran: A Comprehensive Guide

From cruising the open seas to enjoying lazy afternoons by the shore, catamarans have become a popular choice for water enthusiasts. With their unique design and exceptional stability, these vessels offer an unmatched sailing experience . But have you ever wondered what makes up a catamaran and how each part contributes to its overall functionality? In this comprehensive guide, we will take you through the essential parts of a catamaran, uncovering their purpose and shedding light on why they are instrumental in making these boats such fantastic options for adventure seekers.

1. Hulls: The hulls are the twin structures that form the main body of a catamaran. These structures play a pivotal role in providing stability and buoyancy while at sea. Catamarans boast wider hulls compared to traditional monohull sailboats, resulting in increased surface area and enhanced stability. The design allows for smoother sailing even in rough waters, as each hull slices through waves independently.

2. Keels: Unlike monohull sailboats that rely solely on a single keel positioned beneath the waterline for both lift and resistance against sideways drift (known as leeway), catamarans often feature two separate skegs or keels attached to each hull. These auxiliary structures enhance directional control and offer excellent stability while reducing drag.

3. Deck: The deck is where all the action takes place! It serves as the primary horizontal surface on which passengers can relax, sunbathe or engage in various activities while aboard the vessel. Catamaran decks usually come with ample space due to their wider design compared to monohull sailboats .

4. Trampoline: One of the standout features of a catamaran is its trampoline – a mesh-like netting stretched between the two hulls just above sea level. While it may seem like an unconventional addition, trampolines provide multiple benefits including giving passengers an exhilarating sensation as they sit or lay above the water. This ample recreational area additionally offers an unobstructed view of the sea, making it an ideal spot for stargazing or simply enjoying the soothing sound of the waves.

5. Cockpit: The catamaran’s cockpit is strategically positioned closer to the waterline, ensuring a thrilling and immersive sailing experience. It acts as the primary control center where the helm is located, allowing sailors to expertly navigate their vessel through various seascapes. Additionally, some catamarans offer spacious cockpits that provide sufficient seating capacity for socializing with fellow passengers or hosting intimate gatherings while at anchor.

6. Rigging: The rigging refers to all lines, cables, and hardware necessary for controlling and adjusting the sails . Catamarans typically employ a simple yet effective rigging system that ensures easy maneuverability and efficient sailing performance. By skillfully managing these components, sailors can harness wind power optimally and maintain smooth cruising speeds in any weather conditions.

7. Sails: Sails are central to a catamaran’s propulsion system, enabling it to move gracefully across bodies of water without relying on fuel-based engines alone. Modern catamarans often embrace a sail plan consisting of multiple sails designed to maximize efficiency and adapt seamlessly to varying wind strengths and directions. With innovative designs such as fully battened mainsails and lightweight genoas, these boats have become incredibly agile even when faced with challenging wind patterns.

8. Engines: While a catamaran’s sails provide a significant portion of its power source, auxiliary engines are still crucial for many aspects of sailing life – be it docking in tight spaces or maneuvering during low-wind situations. These engines are usually mounted within each hull beneath deck level as part of an integrated propulsion system comprising shafts, propellers, and operational controls.

9. Navigation Instruments: In today’s era of advanced technological aids, catamarans make use of a range of navigation instruments to enhance safety and efficiency. From GPS systems providing precise positional information to depth sounders measuring water depth, these sophisticated tools are essential for ensuring smooth journeys and avoiding potential hazards.

So there you have it – a detailed glimpse into the essential parts of a catamaran. Wherever your sailing adventures take you, now you can fully appreciate how each component contributes to the incredible performance and unrivaled experience offered by these magnificent vessels. So hop aboard a catamaran and embark on your next nautical journey with confidence!

How to Identify and Understand the Various Components of a Catamaran

Catamarans are fascinating vessels known for their unique design and exceptional performance on the water. Whether you are a seasoned sailor or just interested in learning more about these incredible boats, understanding their various components is essential . In this blog post, we will take a detailed, professional, witty, and clever dive into the world of catamarans and shed light on how to identify and understand their different parts .

1. Hulls: At the core of any catamaran are its hulls – the main supportive structures that keep the boat afloat. Unlike traditional single-hulled vessels, catamarans have two parallel hulls connected by a deck. These hulls play a vital role in providing stability and minimizing drag while sailing. Think of them as the sturdy legs that help the catamaran gracefully glide through the water .

2. Deck: The deck serves both as a platform for enjoying your time onboard and as an important structural element that connects various parts of the catamaran. It consists of multiple areas such as the helm station (where you control the boat), seating areas, dining spaces, trampoline nets for lounging, and storage compartments. Sunbathing or hosting friends for a sunset gathering? The deck has got you covered!

3. Rigging: If you’ve ever looked up at a sailboat’s mast with admiration, then you’ll love discovering how rigging contributes to a catamaran’s overall performance and elegance. The rigging includes all the supporting wires and ropes that hold up the mast(s) on your catamaran and control its position relative to wind direction (known as “trimming”). Understanding how to properly trim your sails can greatly enhance your sailing experience – from capturing optimal wind power to achieving picture-worthy maneuvers.

4. Sails: What could be more mesmerizing than watching billowing sails against an azure sky? Catamarans utilize various types of sails based on their purpose – mainsails, jibs, genoas, spinnakers – each designed to maximize performance under specific wind conditions. Learning about the different sails and their characteristics will help you navigate efficiently and make the most of your sailing adventures. Plus, understanding the art of sail trim is sure to impress your fellow sailors!

5. Rudders: Just as a captain relies on his or her compass for navigation, catamarans depend on rudders to steer through the water with precision. Mounted at the stern (rear) of each hull, these ingenious components allow you to control your course by diverting the flow of water passing beneath them. Rudders are essential for maintaining stability and maneuverability when tacking, jibing, or navigating challenging waters.

6. Engines: Catamarans aren’t solely reliant on wind power; they often incorporate engines as auxiliary means of propulsion. These mechanical marvels provide added security and flexibility during low-wind situations or when maneuvering in confined spaces like marinas or crowded anchorages. Understanding how to handle your catamaran’s engines confidently will ensure smooth sailing even when Mother Nature plays hard-to-get.

By expanding your knowledge about these various catamaran components – hulls, deck, rigging, sails, rudders, and engines – you’ll unlock a whole new level of appreciation for these magnificent vessels and gain confidence in navigating them.

Lastly, remember that wit and cleverness go hand-in-hand with professionalism when exploring any topic. So have fun while unraveling the mysteries of catamaran anatomy! Perhaps envision yourself as an expert sailor who can distinguish port from starboard blindfolded or sharpen your comedic skills by jokingly referring to hulls as “feline foundation” (though cats might not appreciate sharing their name with boats!).

Happy sailing!

Step-by-Step Breakdown: Unraveling the Mysteries behind Catamaran Anatomy

Catamarans have become increasingly popular in recent years, mainly due to their unmatched stability and impressive speed capabilities. But have you ever wondered what lies beneath the sleek exterior of these remarkable vessels? In this blog post, we will delve into the intricate details of catamaran anatomy, providing you with a comprehensive understanding of how these boats are constructed and why they excel on the water.

1. The Hulls: The Foundation of Stability At the core of every catamaran lies its hulls – two parallel structures that run alongside each other. Unlike traditional monohull boats that feature a single hull, catamarans distribute their buoyancy across two hulls, offering superior stability even in rough waters. These hulls are typically made from fiberglass or aluminum and are designed to cut through waves effortlessly, minimizing resistance and maximizing speed.

2. Bridging the Gap: The Trampoline One striking feature present in many catamarans is the trampoline located between the two hulls. This sturdy mesh-like material serves various purposes. Firstly, it provides an additional platform for sunbathing or relaxing while underway. Secondly, it acts as a safety net by preventing crew members or passengers from falling into the ocean should any unexpected jolts occur during navigation .

3. Connecting Hulls: The Crossbeams In order to maintain structural integrity and connect both hulls securely, catamarans utilize crossbeams that stretch between them. These crossbeams play a vital role in sharing weight distribution evenly across both sides, ensuring stability and balance at all times.

4. Above Deck: Central Cockpit and Living Space Moving upwards onto the deck area, you’ll discover a central cockpit where most controls and steering mechanisms are located. This strategic placement allows for optimum visibility and easy maneuverability while sailing. Additionally, catamarans often feature large living spaces, including saloons and cabins that provide ample room for socializing, dining, and sleeping. Their spaciousness is a significant factor contributing to their growing popularity among cruising enthusiasts.

5. The Power of Sails: Rigging and Sail Plan Catamarans rely on sails for propulsion, utilizing a complex system of rigging to hoist and control them effectively. A unique feature of catamarans is the absence of a single mast; instead, they employ multiple masts strategically positioned between the hulls. This configuration optimizes sail area while reducing heeling (when a boat tips sideways due to windy conditions), resulting in smoother sailing experiences even during stronger winds.

6. Additional Features: Daggerboards or Foils To enhance performance further, some catamarans are equipped with daggerboards or foils – retractable appendages located beneath each hull. These boards reduce lateral slippage by providing lift, improving upwind capability and enhancing overall speed. As technology advances, advanced hydrofoil systems have also been introduced in certain catamaran models, allowing these boats to glide above the water ‘s surface entirely.

By unraveling the mysteries behind catamaran anatomy step-by-step, it becomes evident why these vessels are highly sought after by both leisure sailors and competitive racers alike. From their stable hull design to innovative features such as trampolines and foils – every element plays its part in creating an exceptional sailing experience that combines comfort, speed, and versatility. Perhaps now you can fully appreciate these engineering marvels whenever you set sight on one gliding gracefully through the waves!

Frequently Asked Questions about the Different Parts of a Catamaran Answered

Have you ever looked at a catamaran and wondered what all those different parts are called? Or maybe you’re thinking about buying or renting a catamaran and want to be familiar with its components . Well, look no further! We’ve compiled a list of frequently asked questions about the different parts of a catamaran and will provide detailed, professional, witty, and clever explanations just for you.

1. What is a Catamaran? A catamaran is a type of boat that consists of two parallel hulls connected by a deck. It offers increased stability compared to traditional monohull boats due to the wider beam. This unique design allows for smoother sailing experiences and more spacious interiors.

2. Hulls – What Are They? The hulls are the main structure of a catamaran, providing buoyancy and supporting the entire vessel. Typically made from fiberglass or aluminum, they have curved shapes that help reduce resistance in the water while providing stability. Think of them as the legs of the feline-inspired boat!

3. Trampoline – Isn’t That for Jumping? While it may sound similar to the equipment used for bouncing around at your local playground, in the world of catamarans, trampoline refers to an open area between the hulls where passengers can relax or even stretch their sea legs! Made from durable materials like nylon mesh or PVC canvas, trampolines provide excellent circulation and an unobstructed view below deck.

4. Rigging – Is it Related to Sailing Techniques? Indeed! Rigging refers to all the elements involved in controlling sails on a catamaran . This includes mast(s), boom(s), standing rigging (shrouds & stays), running rigging (halyards & sheets), winches, cleats – basically everything needed to manipulate wind power efficiently and safely navigate through various conditions.

5. The Mast – How Tall Should It Be? The mast, often made of aluminum or carbon fiber composite, is the tall vertical pole that holds up the sails. Its height depends on several factors, such as boat size, intended use, and the desired sail area. Think of it as the catamaran’s lighthouse – guiding you along your aquatic adventures with grace.

6. Boom – Not Just a Sound Effect! Nope, not just an imitation of an explosion! The boom is a horizontal spar attached to the bottom of the mast, helping support and control the lower edge (foot) of the mainsail. It swings back and forth with changes in wind direction – think of it as a catamaran’s wagging tail!

7. Daggerboards – Are They Catamaran Ninja Weapons? While they may sound dangerous and ninja-worthy, daggerboards are actually retractable foils that extend from each hull into the water. Their purpose? Providing lateral resistance against sideways motion caused by wind force while improving upwind performance by reducing leeway – no martial arts skills required!

8. Rudders – Steering Like a Pro Like most boats, catamarans have rudders for steering purposes. These underwater blades at the stern help control direction by redirecting water flow around them when turned. Whether you’re tacking or gybing through waves or researching rudder-related puns like this one—we’ve got you covered.

So there you have it – frequently asked questions about the different parts of a catamaran answered in detail! Now you can impress your fellow sailors with your newfound knowledge or confidently embark on your next seafaring adventure aboard one of these sleek double-hulled vessels ! Remember to keep exploring and enjoy every nautical mile!

The Key Elements That Make up a Catamaran: Everything You Need to Know

Title: The Key Elements That Make up a Catamaran: Everything You Need to Know

Introduction: Catamarans have long fascinated sailing enthusiasts with their unique design, efficient performance, and spacious interiors. Whether you are a seasoned sailor or a curious novice, understanding the key elements that make up a catamaran is essential. In this enlightening article, we will delve into the intricate details of these remarkable vessels, uncovering the secrets behind their success on the open seas .

1. Hull Design: Stability Meets Speed At the heart of every catamaran lies its dual-hull structure. Unlike traditional monohulls, catamarans feature two separate hulls connected by a spacious deck. This design offers enhanced stability and reduced heeling, making them less prone to capsizing compared to their single-hulled counterparts. The inherent buoyancy allows for faster speeds and smoother sailing experiences—enabling both exhilarating adventures and relaxed cruising.

2. Beam: Embracing Extra Space One of the most significant advantages of a catamaran is its beam—the width between its two hulls—which can be quite impressive. The ample beam creates an exceptionally generous living area that sets catamarans apart from other sailboats . More space means greater comfort for passengers and crew alike; accommodating larger groups, luxurious amenities, and even personalized additions such as Jacuzzis or sunbathing decks.

3. Stability & Balance: A Steady Journey In addition to their unique structural design, catamarans offer exceptional stability through weight distribution and physics principles. With twin hulls spread apart at a considerable distance, it becomes significantly easier to maintain balance during sailing motions—a significant advantage for those susceptible to seasickness or seeking effortless navigation under challenging conditions.

4. Sailor-Friendly Handling: Ease-of-Use at Sea Catamarans excel in terms of maneuverability due to several factors working harmoniously together. Their shallow drafts allow for exploration in shallower waters, and docking becomes a breeze with the ability to navigate narrower marinas. Furthermore, their twin engines operate independently, offering excellent control even in tight spots or challenging wind conditions—a maneuverability dream for sailors of all skill levels.

5. Sailing Performance: Effortless Speed When it comes to performance on the water, catamarans stand tall once again. The efficiency gained from their two hulls reduces drag and enables quicker acceleration, resulting in higher average speeds than traditional monohulls. Even when faced with light winds, their ample deck space allows for customized rigging options—such as efficient sails or high-tech foiling capabilities—that can unlock extraordinary speed potential.

6. Comfortable Living Spaces: An Unprecedented Haven Catamarans redefine on-board living by providing both ample space and superior comfort. The expansive interior saloon offers panoramic views of the surroundings while being versatile enough to cater to various activities—from hosting lively social gatherings to peacefully reading a book by the window. Additionally, private cabins are often located in each hull, creating secluded sanctuaries for relaxation and tranquility amidst enchanting seascapes.

Conclusion: As we conclude our exploration into the key elements that make up a catamaran, it becomes evident why these vessels have become revered in the sailing world . The revolutionary dual-hull design ensures stability and faster speeds while offering unparalleled comfort and spaciousness aboard. Whether you seek adventure or serenity on the seas, understanding these elements will help you appreciate catamarans’ remarkable qualities truly—an embodiment of innovation and maritime excellence brought together harmoniously by human ingenuity.

Mastering the Parts of a Catamaran: A Beginner’s Guide for Sailing Enthusiasts

Are you a sailing enthusiast who is fascinated by the sleek and efficient design of catamarans? If so, then you’ve come to the right place! In this comprehensive beginner’s guide, we will delve into the key components of a catamaran and unlock the secrets to mastering its various parts. So grab your sailor’s hat and get ready to embark on an exciting journey through the intricate world of catamaran sailing!

The first component that sets a catamaran apart from other sailboats is its dual-hulled structure. Unlike traditional monohull sailboats, which have only one hull, catamarans feature two parallel hulls connected by a deck or bridge. This unique design grants them exceptional stability, speed, and even more interior space for amenities such as cabins and lounging areas.

Now let’s move onto a crucial part of any sailboat – the rigging . The rigging system on a catamaran consists of numerous elements that work harmoniously to control and manipulate the sails . Firstly, there are the masts: tall vertical structures that support the sails. Catamarans typically have two masts placed towards each end of the boat , allowing for efficient distribution of power.

Attached to these masts are various types of sails, including mainsails, jibs or genoas (fore-sails), and spinnakers (used for downwind sailing). The main sail is the largest sail on a catamaran and is hoisted up the mast using halyards – ropes specifically designed for this purpose. Jibs or genoas assist in maneuverability by generating additional power when sailing upwind.

For those seeking exhilarating downwind adventures, spinnakers add an extra element of thrill to your journey! These expansive triangular or bulbous-shaped sails catch wind from behind and propel your catamaran with remarkable swiftness. Learning how to handle these different types of sails will be crucial to seamlessly controlling the boat and maximizing performance on the water.

Next in line are the helm and steering system, responsible for guiding your catamaran ‘s path as it gracefully glides through the waves. The helm, often referred to as the steering wheel , is used to control the rudders located at each hull’s stern. One unique characteristic of catamarans is their tilting tendency caused by wind pressure acting upon the exposed surface area of their broad decks. Therefore, mastering steering techniques, including adjusting sail configurations and keel positions, will help you navigate with finesse and maintain balance.

One particularly innovative feature found in some catamarans is a daggerboard or a centerboard system. Located between the two hulls beneath the waterline, these retractable fins can be individually raised or lowered to vary their depth while sailing. By adjusting these boards according to wind conditions and point of sail , you can minimize resistance, optimize speed, and even prevent lateral drift.

We cannot overlook catamarans’ anchoring systems when discussing their components . Anchors are vital for keeping your vessel secure when moored or stopping for a leisurely swim in crystal-clear waters. Most modern catamarans employ bow rollers integrated at the front end that facilitate effortless anchor deployment and retrieval. With an array of anchor types available — from plows to flukes — it’s essential to understand each one’s characteristics in various seabed environments.

Lastly, let’s not forget about safety equipment onboard! While mastering catamaran parts allows for glorious adventures on calm seas, unforeseen challenges may arise during your sailing odysseys. It’s important always to have safety essentials like life jackets, fire extinguishers, first-aid kits, emergency flares, and navigational tools like GPS systems.

So there you have it – a comprehensive overview of key components necessary for mastering the art of sailing a catamaran! Understanding how each piece of the puzzle fits together and harmonizes uniquely will set you on a path to becoming a skilled catamaran sailor . Whether you’re gliding across tranquil bays or tackling exhilarating rough seas, this guide will equip you with the knowledge and confidence to embark on unforgettable nautical journeys!

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• Navigating the High Seas: A Comprehensive Guide to Sailboat Masts

Sailboat masts are the unsung heroes of the sailing world, silently supporting the sails and ensuring a smooth journey across the open waters. Whether you're a seasoned sailor or a novice, understanding the intricacies of sailboat masts is essential for a safe and enjoyable voyage. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the world of sailboat masts, discussing their types, maintenance, and everything in between. 

Types of Sailboat Masts

Sailboat masts come in various configurations, each with its advantages and drawbacks. The two primary types are keel-stepped and deck-stepped masts.

Keel-Stepped Masts

Keel-stepped masts are the most common type, extending through the deck and resting on the boat's keel. They provide excellent stability and are suitable for larger sailboats. However, they require careful maintenance to prevent water intrusion into the boat's cabin.

Deck-Stepped Masts

Deck-stepped masts rest on the deck of the boat, making them easier to install and remove. They are commonly found on smaller sailboats and are more forgiving in terms of maintenance. However, they may offer slightly less stability than keel-stepped masts.

Components of a Sailboat Mast

To understand mast maintenance better, it's essential to know the various components of a sailboat mast. The key parts include the masthead, spreaders, shrouds, and halyard sheaves.

The masthead is the topmost section of the mast, where the halyards are attached to raise and lower the sails. It also often houses instruments such as wind indicators and lights.

Spreaders and Shrouds

Spreaders are horizontal supports attached to the mast to help maintain the proper angle of the shrouds (cables or rods that provide lateral support to the mast). Properly adjusted spreaders and shrouds are crucial for mast stability and sail performance.

Mast Materials: Choosing the Right One

Sailboat masts are typically constructed from three primary materials: aluminum, wood, and carbon fiber. Each material has its unique characteristics and is suited to different sailing preferences.

Aluminum Masts

Aluminum masts are lightweight, durable, and relatively easy to maintain. They are commonly used in modern sailboats due to their cost-effectiveness and longevity.

Wooden Masts

Wooden masts, while classic and beautiful, require more maintenance than other materials. They are best suited for traditional or vintage sailboats, where aesthetics outweigh convenience.

Carbon Fiber Masts

Carbon fiber masts are the pinnacle of mast technology. They are incredibly lightweight and strong, enhancing a sailboat's performance. However, they come at a premium price.

Mast Maintenance

Proper mast maintenance is essential for safety and longevity. Regular cleaning, inspection, and addressing minor issues promptly can prevent costly repairs down the line.

Cleaning and Inspection

Regularly clean your mast to remove salt, dirt, and grime. Inspect it for signs of corrosion, wear, or damage, paying close attention to the masthead, spreaders, and shrouds.

Common Repairs and Their Costs

Common mast repairs include fixing corroded areas, replacing damaged spreaders, or repairing shrouds. The cost of repairs can vary widely, depending on the extent of the damage and the materials used.

Extending the Lifespan of Your Mast

Taking steps to prevent damage is essential. Avoid over-tightening halyards, protect your mast from UV radiation, and keep an eye on corrosion-prone areas.

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Stepping and Unstepping a Mast

Stepping and unstepping a mast is a crucial skill for any sailboat owner. This process involves removing or installing the mast on your boat. Here's a step-by-step guide for safe mast handling.

Step-by-Step Guide for Safe Mast Handling

• Gather the necessary tools and equipment.
• Disconnect all electrical and rigging connections.
• Use a crane or mast-stepping system to safely lower or raise the mast.
• Secure the mast in its proper place.
• Reconnect all electrical and rigging connections.

When and Why to Unstep a Mast

You may need to unstep your mast for various reasons, such as transporting your sailboat or performing extensive maintenance. It's crucial to follow the manufacturer's recommendations and ensure a safe unstepping process.

Sailboat Mast Boot: Protecting Your Mast

A mast boot is a simple yet effective way to protect your mast from water intrusion and damage caused by the elements. Here's what you need to know.

The Purpose of a Mast Boot

A mast boot is a flexible material that wraps around the mast at the deck level. It prevents water from entering the cabin through the mast opening, keeping your boat dry and comfortable.

Installing and Maintaining a Mast Boot

Installing a mast boot is a straightforward DIY task. Regularly inspect and replace it if you notice any signs of wear or damage.

Replacing a Sailboat Mast

Despite your best efforts in maintenance, there may come a time when you need to replace your sailboat mast. Here's what you should consider.

Signs That Your Mast Needs Replacement

Common signs include severe corrosion, structural damage, or fatigue cracks. If your mast is beyond repair, it's essential to invest in a replacement promptly.

The Cost of Mast Replacement

The cost of mast replacement can vary significantly depending on the type of mast, materials, and additional rigging needed. It's advisable to obtain multiple quotes from reputable marine professionals.

Yacht Masts: Sailing in Style

For those looking to take their sailing experience to the next level, upgrading to a yacht mast can be a game-changer.

Differences Between Sailboat and Yacht Masts

Yacht masts are typically taller and offer enhanced sail performance. They are often equipped with advanced rigging systems and technology for a more luxurious sailing experience.

Upgrading to a Yacht Mast

Consult with a marine professional to determine if upgrading to a yacht mast is feasible for your sailboat. It can be a significant investment but can transform your sailing adventures.

Sailboat Mast Steps: Climbing to the Top

Mast steps are handy additions to your mast, allowing easier access to perform maintenance or enjoy panoramic views. Here's how to use them safely.

Using Mast Steps Safely

Always use proper safety equipment when climbing mast steps. Make sure they are securely attached to the mast and regularly inspect them for wear or damage.

The Advantages of Mast Steps

Mast steps provide convenience and accessibility, making sailboat maintenance tasks more manageable. They also offer an elevated vantage point for breathtaking views while at anchor.

Mast Maintenance Tips for Beginners

If you're new to sailboat ownership, these mast maintenance tips will help you get started on the right foot.

Essential Care for First-Time Sailboat Owners

• Establish a regular maintenance schedule.
• Seek advice from experienced sailors.
• Invest in quality cleaning and maintenance products.

Preventing Common Mistakes

Avoid common pitfalls, such as neglecting inspections or using harsh cleaning agents that can damage your mast's finish.

Sailing with a Mast in Top Condition

A well-maintained mast contributes to a safer and more enjoyable sailing experience. It enhances your boat's performance and ensures you can rely on it in various weather conditions.

How a Well-Maintained Mast Improves Performance

A properly maintained mast helps maintain sail shape, reducing drag and improving speed. It also ensures that your rigging remains strong and secure.

Safety Considerations

Never compromise on safety. Regularly inspect your mast, rigging, and all associated components to prevent accidents while at sea.

Sailboat masts are the backbone of any sailing adventure, and understanding their intricacies is crucial for a successful voyage. From choosing the right mast material to proper maintenance and upgrading options, this guide has covered it all. By following these guidelines, you can sail the high seas with confidence, knowing that your mast is in top condition.

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What is a Sailboat Mast?

Last Updated by

Daniel Wade

June 15, 2022

A sailboat mast is the towering pole mounted to the deck. It attaches the length of the sail to the boat and supports the shape of the sail.

Sailboat masts are the most distinct feature of sailing vessels, and they hold the sails in place. Masts are often taller than the length of the boat. Most modern sailboat masts are made of aluminum, though traditional boats use wood. Sailboat mast type varies based on what type of sail plan they support.

Table of contents

Parts of the Mast

The mast itself is simply a pole and won't function without several essential parts. Starting from the deck is the mast boot, which keeps water from draining down the mast and into the cabin. The long wires connected to the mast on each side are the stays, and they keep the mast upright under tremendous force. The boom connects to the mast using a gooseneck fitting. Halyard lines, which run to the top of the mast, are used to raise and lower the sail.

Single-Mast Rigs

Single mast sailboats are what most people picture when they think of modern sailing craft. Single mast boats are popular because they're inexpensive to produce and relatively easy to operate singlehanded. The most common kinds of single-mast rigs are sloops, cutters, and catboats.

Sloop rig boats are the most common kind of sailboat today. Sloops feature a single mast mounted somewhere on the forward 3/5 of the deck, but some boat designs differ slightly. Generally speaking, a sloop mast lies somewhere in the middle to the forward-middle of the deck.

Sloop masts are rigged for a large mainsail and a jib. Bermuda-rigged sloops utilize a tall single mast and triangular sail. Gaff-rigged sloops, which are less common, use a much shorter mast and a larger four-point mainsail.

Catboat Mast

Catboats are unique vessels common to New England and feature a forward-mounted single mast and a long boom. Unlike sloop-rigged boats, catboats are only rigged for a single sail. Catboat masts are generally mounted almost at the very front of the boat, and they're often short and quite thick.

Catboats are almost often gaff-rigged. Gaff-rigged sail plans make the most of short masts and are relatively easy to control in a single-mast configuration. Gaff-rigged catboat masts are shorter than Bermuda-rigged boats of similar size but generally taller than similar gaff-rigged craft.

Cutter Mast

Cutter-rigged sailboats feature a tall single mast and multiple headsails. Visually, cutters are easy to mistake for sloops. But the mast of a cutter is usually taller than a comparably-sized sloop, as it utilizes multiple headsails instead of a single jib.

Gaff-rigged cutters are much more common than gaff-rigged sloops in many areas. Cutters are easy to distinguish from sloops, even when the sails are stowed. This is because cutters often feature a long bowsprit and two front stays (forestay and jib stay).

Multi-Mast Rigs

Mult-mast rigs are less common than single-mast configurations. That said, multi-mast sailboats are often elegant and seaworthy. Though they offer more than just good looks—multiple masts offer speed and precise control for experienced sailors. Most of these vessels feature two masts, which are often shorter than masts on comparably-sized single-mast craft. The most common variations are yawl rigs, ketch rigs, and schooner rigs.

Yawls are robust multi-mast vessels that vary in length from 20 feet to well over 50 feet. A yawl features a long forward mainmast and a short mizzen mast located towards the back of the boat. Yawls are often gaff-rigged and were once used as utility boats.

Yawl rigged sailboats can use the mizzen mast and sail as a form of self-steering. The yawl is easy to distinguish from other two-masted vessels, as the mizzenmast is comparably short—often about half the size of the mainmast. Additionally, the mizzen mast is positioned aft of the rudder post.

Ketch Masts

At first glance, a ketch can be mistaken for a yawl. But the ketch features two similarly-sized masts and a much larger mizzen. The mizzen mast on a ketch is positioned forward of the rudder post. Ketch-rigged boats are often gaff-rigged as well, utilizing topsails on both masts. Some ketch-rigged boats have triangular sailplanes, mitigating the need for topsails.

Like the yawl, the ketch utilizes a headsail, a mainsail , and a mizzen sail, which is comparable in size to the mainsail. Ketch-rigged boats can be sailed with one or more aft sails stowed.

Schooner Masts

Schooners are among the most elegant multi-mast sailboat types. Schooners are visibly closer to ketches than yawls. But upon closer inspection, a schooner will have a shorter foremast and a longer (or almost equally-sized) mast behind it.

Schooner masts are tall and thick but usually shorter than similarly-sized single mast boats. This is because two-masted vessels distribute the sail plan over two masts and don't need the extra length to make up for lost sail area. Schooners are usually gaff-rigged and often utilize topsails and topmasts that extend the height of the mast.

Tall Ship Masts

Tall ships are the classic large sailing vessels that dominated the oceans for hundreds of years before the age of steam. Famous vessels such as the U.S.S. Constitution and the H.M.S. Victory feature this enormous and complex rig configuration.

Tall ships have three or more enormous masts, which are often made from entire tree trunks. Some of the largest tall ships have five or more masts. Tall ships are usually 100 feet in length or greater, as the size and complexity of these square-rigged ships make them only practical at scale. Tall ships utilize one or more mainmasts, mizzenmasts, a foremast, and a gaff-rigged jigger mast aft of the mizzenmast.

Sailboat Mast Materials

Sailboat masts are usually made out of aluminum or certain varieties of wood. Up to the 1950s, virtually all sailboat masts were made of wood. That changed around the same time that fiberglass boats became popular. Today, aluminum is the most common mast material.

Aluminum Sailboat Masts

The most common modern mast material is aluminum. Aluminum masts are lightweight, hollow, and easy to manufacture. These relatively inexpensive masts hold up well to salt water. Aluminum masts are also strong for their weight.

One downside to aluminum masts is galvanic corrosion, which occurs frightfully fast when saltwater comes into contact with aluminum and another metal (such as steel or copper). Aluminum masts are most common on Bermuda-rigged sloops.

Wood Sailboat Masts

Wood is the traditional material for sailboat masts, and it's still used today on many custom boats. Wood masts are heavy but strong, and a well-maintained wood mast can last over a hundred years. Wooden masts are common on gaff-rigged boats, as wood is an ideal material for shorter masts.

The most common mast wood comes from the Fir family. Douglas fir is common, but regional varieties (such as British, Columbian, and Yellow fir) are perfectly suitable. Some sailboats (particularly tall ships) use pine or redwood as a mast material. Some varieties of cedar (such as Port Orford cedar, Oregon cedar, and white cedar) are also excellent materials for building masts and spars.

Carbon Fiber Masts

Carbon fiber masts are a new arrival to boatbuilding, and they offer some advantages to wood and aluminum masts. Carbon fiber is lightweight and extremely strong, which makes it ideal for tall-masted racing sailboats. Vessels that compete in America's Cup races utilize the most premium carbon fiber masts in the industry.

Unlike wood (and aluminum to some extent), carbon fiber masts aren't particularly flexible. The rigidity of carbon fiber makes it strong, but stiffness is also a weakness. Under the right conditions, carbon fiber masts can break violently and are impossible to repair once broken.

Mast Maintenance

It's essential to maintain your mast and all of its accompanying hardware. Mast stays, lines, and halyards should be inspected regularly, adjusted, and replaced at regular intervals. Wooden masts should be varnished and checked for signs of rot.

Aluminum masts are generally low-maintenance, but signs of corrosion warrant immediate repair. Work with your local boat mechanic or sailing expert to develop a comprehensive maintenance plan. And remember, preventative maintenance is always cheaper and easier than repairs. 

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I've personally had thousands of questions about sailing and sailboats over the years. As I learn and experience sailing, and the community, I share the answers that work and make sense to me, here on Life of Sailing.

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Catamarans: A Complete Guide to Multihull Boats

Catamarans have been a part of sailing history for centuries and continue to be popular for their stability, spaciousness, and performance. Developed by various cultures around the world, the principles of catamaran design have evolved over time to become optimized for both pleasure cruising and racing. This complete guide will help you understand the essentials of catamarans, their unique characteristics, and how to choose the right one for your needs.

From the basic concepts of multihull design, performance, and handling, we will explore the advantages and benefits of a catamaran in terms of safety and comfort on board.

Along the way, we will discuss maintenance considerations, distinctive catamaran brands and models, and how a catamaran lifestyle can compare to more traditional sailing options .

Finally, we will provide learning resources and frequently asked questions tailored to both seasoned sailors and newcomers to the world of catamarans.

Key Takeaways

• Catamarans are known for their stability, spaciousness, and performance
• This guide covers aspects like design, handling, safety, and choosing the right catamaran
• Resources and frequently asked questions provide additional insights for potential catamaran owners

Understanding Catamarans

Design Characteristics

Catamarans are known for their unique design, which features two parallel hulls connected by a deck. This design provides several advantages over traditional monohull boats, such as stability and speed.

With their wide beam, catamarans have a reduced risk of capsizing and can access shallow waters due to their shallow drafts 1 .

One of the notable aspects of a catamaran is its twin hulls, which offer increased living space and comfort compared to a monohull. Additionally, catamarans are often favored by recreational and competitive sailors for their excellent maneuverability 2 .

The materials used for constructing catamarans range from wood to fiberglass, and even aluminum for high-performance vessels. Aluminum catamarans are known for their strength, lightweight structure, and resistance to corrosion 3 .

Hulls and Construction

The hulls in a catamaran are crucial to its stability and performance. These hulls help distribute the weight evenly across the water surface, minimizing drag and allowing for smoother sailing.

In general, the hulls can be categorized into two types:

• Symmetrical Hulls : The hull shape is similar on both sides, which enhances balance and stability in various sailing conditions.
• Asymmetrical Hulls : One side of the hull is designed differently than the other, which can be advantageous when sailing upwind.

The construction materials used in building catamaran hulls also play a vital role in the boat's performance and durability. Common materials include:

• Fiberglass : A popular choice due to its lightweight, strength, and ease of maintenance.
• Wood : Traditional material that offers a classic look, but requires more maintenance than fiberglass or aluminum.
• Aluminum : Lightweight and strong, aluminum is an excellent choice for high-performance catamarans 4 .

Multihulls vs Monohulls

There's often a debate between the benefits of multihull boats, such as catamarans or trimarans, and monohull boats. Here are some key differences between the two:

• Stability : Due to their wide beam and reduced heeling, catamarans offer improved stability compared to monohulls. This makes them an attractive option for those who want to avoid seasickness or feel more comfortable on the water 5 .
• Speed : Multihull boats are known for their speed, which results from their ability to minimize drag and maintain a level sail.
• Living Space : Catamarans and other multihulls generally have more living space, as both the hulls and the connecting deck can be utilized for accommodation and storage.
• Maneuverability : While monohulls are known for their agility and ability to point close to the wind, catamarans can still offer exceptional maneuverability when properly sailed 6 .

Performance and Handling

Speed and Efficiency

Power catamarans have gained popularity for offering a unique combination of speed, efficiency, and stability. Their dual-hull design allows for less water resistance, which directly translates to higher speeds and better fuel efficiency compared to traditional monohull boats.

In addition, the wide beam provided by the two hulls ensures a stable ride even at higher speeds. This makes power catamarans ideal for cruising, fishing, and watersports ( Boating Beast ).

Sailing Dynamics

When it comes to sailing catamarans , the performance is affected by factors such as keel, rudders, mast, and sails.

Their wide beam and dual-hull design provide inherent stability and reduced heeling effect, making them less likely to capsize compared to monohulls.

I should also note that catamarans have a shallow draft, which gives them the ability to access shallow waters that may be off-limits to other boats ( Navigating the Waters ).

In my experience, the lighter weight of a catamaran and its aerodynamic design can contribute to remarkable sailing performance under different wind conditions.

The larger sail area relative to hull weight allows them to harness more wind power, further enhancing their speed and agility on the water.

Maneuvering and Docking

Maneuvering and docking a power catamaran involves understanding its unique handling characteristics.

The presence of two engines in separate hulls allows for more precise control in confined spaces such as marinas.

The maneuverability of these boats is typically improved by the use of dual rudders that are located close to each powered hull for efficient steering ( BoatUS ).

When docking under power, I find it helpful to carefully assess the wind and current conditions beforehand.

This is because catamarans can be more sensitive to windage due to their larger surface area above the waterline.

By understanding how these forces may affect the boat, I can make adjustments to my approach and successfully dock the catamaran without any incidents.

Safety and Comfort on Board

Safety Features

Safety is a top priority when sailing any type of vessel, including catamarans. A well-built catamaran offers several features aimed at ensuring the safety of those onboard.

First, catamarans have inherent stability due to their wide beam and twin hull design . This makes them less prone to capsizing than monohull boats. This stability allows me to confidently navigate various water conditions .

In addition to stability, catamarans are designed with positive buoyancy, making them almost unsinkable . Of course, safety equipment such as lifejackets, flares, and first aid kits should always be onboard and well-maintained.

Furthermore, you should also stay updated on weather conditions, avoid sailing in high-risk areas, and learn your boat's safe sail limits.

Living Spaces and Comfort

When it comes to living spaces, I value comfort and practicality as essential features for my time on the water. Catamarans offer a unique advantage in this regard, as their dual hulls create spacious living areas.

Most catamarans are designed with separate cabins in each hull, allowing for privacy and comfort when sleeping. Additionally, these boats typically feature shallow drafts , which means I can access shallow waters and anchor close to shore.

The main living area, or salon, is situated on the bridge deck between the hulls. It usually includes a seating area, a dining table, and a galley (kitchen). Large windows provide ample natural light and panoramic views, making the space feel open and bright. Some catamarans even have the option for an additional living area on the upper deck where you can enjoy the sun and breeze.

One aspect of catamaran living I truly appreciate is the ample storage available. Each cabin typically has built-in storage spaces for clothes, gear, and personal items. There are also designated areas for equipment such as spare sails, tools, and water toys. This makes it easy for me to keep my belongings organized and make the most of my time on the water.

Maintaining a Catamaran

Routine Maintenance

In order to keep my catamaran in the best possible shape, I make sure to perform routine maintenance tasks. These tasks are essential to extend the life of the components and ensure smooth sailing:

• Cleaning : Regularly cleaning the deck, hulls, and sails prevents buildup of dirt, algae, and other debris that could affect performance.
• Inspection : Periodically inspecting my catamaran allows me to detect any potential issues before they become significant problems. I pay close attention to the rigging, sails, and lines on my boat.
• Lubrication : Keeping all moving parts lubricated is vital to prevent friction and wear on components such as winches and pulleys.
• Antifouling : Applying antifouling paint to the hulls of my catamaran helps prevent the growth of marine organisms that can damage the boat and reduce its speed. Make sure to do this at least once a year.

Dealing with Wear and Tear

Despite my best efforts to keep my catamaran well-maintained, wear and tear is inevitable. Here's how I deal with common issues that could arise from regular use:

• Repairs : When I notice signs of wear on sails, lines, or rigging components, I make it a priority to repair or replace them promptly. Neglecting these issues can lead to more significant problems and affect the boat's performance.
• Hull maintenance : If I find dents, scratches, or stiff rudders on my catamaran's hulls, I address them immediately. Repairing any damage not only ensures smooth sailing but also prevents further issues from developing.
• Sail care : Over time, my sails can become stretched, torn, or damaged due to exposure to sun, wind, and saltwater. Regularly inspecting them for signs of wear and making any necessary repairs or replacements helps maintain optimal performance.
• Rust and corrosion prevention : Since my catamaran is made of various metal components, I need to protect them from rust and corrosion. I routinely check for signs of corrosion and apply anti-corrosive treatments when needed.

Catamaran Brands and Models

High-Performance Models

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in high-performance catamarans. I have seen a variety of brands and models that have impressed me with their performance capabilities. One notable brand is Fountaine Pajot , which has a long history of producing a range of sailing catamarans and power catamarans. Some of their popular models include the Tanna 47 and the Bali 4.4 .

Another high-performance catamaran I've come across is the Leopard 40 . Known for their speed and exceptional handling in various conditions, the Leopard brand started with sailing catamarans and has since expanded to include power catamarans. Their models range from 40 to 53 feet long, offering both power and luxury for those looking for a thrilling experience on the water.

Cruising Catamarans

When it comes to cruising catamarans, the Lagoon brand is synonymous with luxury and comfort. With a range of sailing catamarans from 40 to 70 feet long, Lagoon offers spacious catamarans for extended bluewater cruising. Their 60- and 70-foot power catamarans are equally impressive, providing ample living space and smooth sailing experiences.

I've also found the Aquila 42 PC to be a remarkable cruising catamaran. With a focus on design and innovation, Aquila has produced catamarans perfect for exploring the open sea with friends and family. Their spacious, stable designs allow for a more enjoyable and serene journey, ensuring you arrive at your destination comfortably.

The Catamaran Lifestyle

Anchoring and Cruising

I find catamarans to be a fantastic choice for cruising and anchoring , which is a critical part of living the catamaran lifestyle . Catamarans have several advantages when it comes to anchoring and cruising, such as:

• Stability : Due to their wide beam and twin hulls, catamarans remain stable during anchoring, which reduces the risk of seasickness.
• Shallow draft : Thanks to their shallow draft , catamarans can anchor close to shore, enabling better access to protected coves and more beautiful beaches.
• Speed : Despite their large size for cruising vessels , catamarans are generally faster than monohulls. This is a result of their slim hulls and reduced water resistance.

When it comes to anchoring, catamarans can make use of their shallow draft to anchor in locations that other boats cannot. This allows for a greater range of cruising spots, which makes the overall experience much more enjoyable and unique.

Living on a Catamaran Full-time

For many catamaran enthusiasts, the dream of living full-time on a catamaran is entirely possible. While not without challenges, there are several factors that make living aboard a catamaran an enjoyable experience:

• Spacious living areas : Catamarans generally have more living area compared to monohulls, providing ample space for the whole crew.
• Privacy : The separate hulls allow for private cabins, ensuring that everyone on board has their space.
• Stability : As mentioned earlier, catamarans are stable vessels, making living on them more comfortable than monohulls.

Choosing Your Catamaran

Comparing Models and Features

When I start to look for the perfect catamaran, the first thing I focus on is comparing various models and features .

I determine the key factors that are essential for my needs, such as size, passenger comfort, and performance. By doing so, I can identify which catamaran models are most suitable for me.

For example, if I plan to sail with a large group, I would look for a catamaran that offers ample space both inside and out.

To help me with my comparisons, I usually create a table or list of the different models and their features:

This visual aid makes it easier for me to sort the options and prioritize my considerations, such as price, yacht type, and brand.

New vs. Second-Hand

Another critical aspect of choosing a catamaran is deciding between a new or second-hand boat.

Both options have their pros and cons, and ultimately it depends on my preferences and budget.

If I can afford a new catamaran, I get the advantage of the latest design , features, and technology. Plus, I typically receive better warranty coverage and support from the manufacturer.

However, new catamarans are more expensive and can have long wait times due to high demand.

On the other hand, purchasing a second-hand catamaran can save me a significant amount of money, and I might find a high-quality boat with low mileage or well-maintained by the previous owner.

However, this option carries more risks, as I need to be knowledgeable about potential maintenance issues and conduct a thorough inspection before purchase.

Learning Resources

Books and Manuals

When it comes to learning about catamarans, there are plenty of books and manuals available.

One of the highly recommended books is Multihull Voyaging by Thomas Firth Jones. This book provides a comprehensive understanding of multihulls, including catamarans, and is an essential guide for any beginner sailor.

Another great book to check out is Catamarans: The Complete Guide for Cruising Sailors by Gregor Tarjan.

With a foreword by Charles K. Chiodi, publisher of Multihulls Magazine, this book covers all aspects of cruising catamarans. It includes detailed information on design, construction, and maintenance, as well as tips and tricks for sailing a catamaran.

Here are a few more books that I find valuable:

• The Catamaran Book by Tim Bartlett, an excellent resource for both beginners and experienced sailors
• Catamaran Sailing: From Start to Finish by Phil Berman and Lenny Rudow, a comprehensive guide to both catamaran racing and cruising

Online Content and Photography

In addition to books, you can find plenty of online content and photography about catamarans.

Websites like Sailaway Blog and Boating Guide offer tips, techniques, and how-to articles for sailing catamarans.

Many of these sites also include stunning photography, showcasing these beautiful vessels in action.

For those who prefer Kindle or e-books, many of these resources are available in digital format.

This makes it easier for you to access them anytime, anywhere, allowing you to keep learning and improving your catamaran sailing skills.

To further enhance your knowledge, you can also join online forums and communities dedicated to catamarans.

These platforms provide invaluable advice and first-hand experiences shared by fellow sailors, as well as recommendations for additional learning resources.

Frequently Asked Questions

What factors should be considered when choosing a catamaran for full-time living?

When choosing a catamaran for full-time living, consider its space and layout , as it will become your home.

Look for a design with a comfortable living area , ample storage, and sufficient berths for the number of people living aboard.

Also, consider fuel efficiency , ease of maintenance, and the catamaran's cruising range .

Lastly, the overall cost of ownership , including insurance and mooring fees, should be considered.

How do catamarans perform in rough sea conditions?

In general, catamarans are known for their stability, which is primarily due to their wide beams. This makes them less prone to capsizing when compared to monohulls.

However, their performance in rough sea conditions will depend on the specific model and design of the catamaran. Some may perform better in certain conditions than others, so researching and selecting the right design is essential.

What are the key differences between sailing a catamaran and a monohull?

One of the main differences between catamarans and monohulls is stability.

Catamarans have a wider beam , which makes them more stable and minimizes the risk of capsizing.

They also have shallower drafts, which allow them to access more shallow waters compared to monohulls.

Additionally, catamarans often have larger living spaces, making them more comfortable and suitable for cruising and full-time living.

What are the advantages of catamarans for long-distance cruising?

Catamarans offer several advantages for long-distance cruising.

Their wide, stable design provides a comfortable ride and reduces the risk of seasickness.

They can also attain higher speeds due to their reduced drag and generally sail faster than monohulls on certain points of sail.

The shallow draft allows them to explore more coastal areas and anchor closer to shore. Lastly, their spacious interiors make them ideal for extended cruises and living aboard.

How does one assess the value of a used catamaran on the market?

Assessing the value of a used catamaran requires thorough research and inspection.

Start by comparing the age, model, and condition of the catamaran to similar listings on the market.

Take note of any upgrades or additions made to the boat, as these can affect the price.

It's essential to inspect the boat in person or hire a professional surveyor to ensure there are no hidden issues that could affect its value.

What essential features should be looked for in a catamaran intended for ocean voyages?

For ocean voyages, look for a catamaran with a strong, well-built hull designed to handle rough conditions.

Safety features such as liferafts, adequate flotation, and sturdy deck hardware are crucial.

A reliable engine and well-maintained rigging and sails are also essential.

In terms of living space, opt for a catamaran with a comfortable, spacious interior and ample storage.

Last but not least, good navigation and communication systems are necessary for long-distance ocean voyages.

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In-Mast or In-Boom Furling Mainsail for a Catamaran?

I was wondering if you have ever written an article about in-boom and in-mast furling for catamarans? Any experience with those systems? What are your opinions about it? If a boat did not come with such a system, can you retrofit it even though the boat was not designed with that in mind in the first place?

Answer: The Mainsail on a catamaran is the main source of power.

– by Stephen Cockcroft

The mainsail on a cat, unlike a monohull which relies heavily on the fore triangle for power, is the primary power source. The jib or genoa are less important for powering, but are good to balance the sail plan. Remember most catamarans have a fractional rig which means that the foresail is smaller than a top rigged monohull for example. So, considering the importance of a powerful mainsail, the object is to have a large roach or flat head main with a high aspect rig so that you can take full advantage of the winds aloft. Full battens help to keep the sail shape and ensure an effective and efficient sail.

In-Mast Furling Mainsail

When you have to cut a sail to be able to roll into a mast, the leech has to be cut concave, so you loose a lot of sail area. You also loose the fully battened sail, so the sail shape is never as good and the performance of the mainsail is more like a jib or genoa than a main sail. While this might be a good option for a monohull where the power source is both in the fore triangle and the main, on a catamaran this would be my absolute last choice. Some manufacturers have in-mast furling mainsails with horizontal battens so they can roll into the mast, but if this was so great then why do we not see a lot more of this? Then there is always the risk of the sail jamming in the mast and then you have a whole new set of problems. To change to an in-mast furling system, you would basically need to replace the entire rig. There were some furling systems in the early days that were tacked on to the existing mast, but it was very industrial and I advise against this.

*Picture courtesy Harken

In-Boom Furling Mainsail

If you are going to go with a mainsail furling system, the in-boom furler is a better option. When you are rolling the main into the boom it means that you can keep the full battens and have a small roach, so the sail shape issue is addressed. Consider that if there is an issue with the furler then, unlike in-mast furling, you would still be able to drop the main onto the deck like a conventional system. To change from a standard rig to in-boom furling you would not need to replace the entire rig. The boom can be replaced with the furling boom and then a track would be attached to the aft of the mast to take the bolt rope luff of the mainsail. I would say that a new main built specifically for the system would be a must so the standard main would not work.

My Personal Preference for a Cruising Catamaran Sail-Plan

My personal preference would be a fully battened mainsail with a good batten car system and a large roach with a standard head. This system, together with a set of lazy jacks and a zip up bag, is the most reliable and functional in my opinion. While I really like the flat top mainsail, there is always the issue of getting the head and top batten back into the bag since it sits at an awkward angle. There are now systems that allow you to unclip the top batten so it lies flat but it is another step that is required when stowing or deploying the mainsail.

Estelle Cockcroft

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3 thoughts on “In-Mast or In-Boom Furling Mainsail for a Catamaran?”

What about a third option; a boom furling main with a hybrid sail. The lower half of the sail compatible with the boom furler, and the top side of the sail fully battened and full roach. This way you could easily reef without leaving the cockpit while shorthanded. When dropping the main you roll the lower half and drop the rest. This will leave you with less than 50% of your sail to handle and stow. Lot easier for short hand sailing a big cat. Would this work?

That seems like a great option to me, but I am not a rigger. The ability to reef a main and stay in the cockpit would be very important to me.

Hi Gary, yes we find that some of our clients prefer that option. You will not get the best sail shape but handling is a lot easier.

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Why should we care about a rotating mast.

Outremer offers 3 mast options on the 5X. Fixed aluminum, fixed carbon fiber and rotating carbon fiber. Having no experience with rotating masts, my initial reaction was that it seemed unwise to add the complexity of a rotating mast to a boat being used for long distance cruising. As with all boat decisions there are pros and cons, and so I needed to find out if the benefits of the 5X rotating rig are worth the extra cost and complexity.

Outremer 5X under sail with the carbon fiber mast rotated. Note the radar dome installed on the spreader.

The first two fixed mast options are pretty easy to understand, as it’s a simple question of weight. The carbon fiber mast weighs 280 kg (616 lbs) less than the aluminum mast. Taking weight out of the boat is important, and it’s especially important to save weight up high, as this has the biggest impact on the pitching motion of the boat. Less weight aloft = less pitching = more comfort and more speed.

So, we know we want a carbon fiber mast, so the next question is fixed or rotating? To figure that out, we need to look at why Outremer has gone to all the trouble of designing a rotating mast for a cruising boat in the first place!

It turns out the benefits of a rotating mast are not just theoretical, and I discovered that for myself when I did the test sail on the 5X Addiction . We were going upwind in a light breeze of about 7 knots just after completing a tack, with the rotating mast set straight on the center line of the boat. Once we had settled onto the new tack, we rotated the mast into the wind and I could literally feel the boat surge forward! Tests at different wind speeds and angles confirm that there is a 10-15% increase in performance with the mast rotated. This is great, but how does it work?

When a boat is traveling with the wind coming from in front of the beam (<90 degrees) the sails operate as airfoils in much the same way as an airplane wing.

Rigid wing airfoil

When the wind strikes the front edge of this rigid wing, the air is separated and must travel a longer distance in the case of particle A vs particle B. This creates a higher velocity on the top surface and a corresponding area of low pressure. So the wing is pulled upwards due to the lift force developed. This force is called aerodynamic lift.

Flexible sail airfoil

In the case of a sail, there is no rigid bottom surface, so it is less efficient than a rigid wing, but it still forms an airfoil because the two air particles A and B must travel different distances, and so a low pressure region of lift is created in the same fashion as a rigid wing. Around 2/3 of the driving force of the sail comes from aerodynamic lift, with the remaining 1/3 generated by the force of the wind striking the inside (bottom) surface of the sail.

This is the case for an ideal airfoil, but on a sailboat there is a mast in front of the leading edge of the sail. The bigger the boat, the larger the mast cross section has to be to handle the force of the sails, and this becomes a factor influencing the shape of the airfoil we are able to present to the wind.

Fixed mast airfoil

This diagram shows the effect that a fixed mast has on the airfoil. Since the wind must make a tight turn around the mast, a turbulence zone is created which reduces the amount of lift being generated by the forward section of the sail. It also drives the lift force direction slightly aft, reducing the ability of the boat to sail upwind.

Rotating mast airfoil

By rotating the mast into the wind, we can clean up the leading edge of the airfoil and eliminate the turbulence. This increases the lift force and moves the lift angle  forward, giving us more speed and better pointing ability (how close we can sail, or point, into the wind direction).

There are other benefits to a rotating mast, regarding reefing the mainsail. Normally when reefing, you turn the boat into the wind to take pressure off the front edge of the sail in order to lower it. This puts the headsail into a luffing mode which is uncomfortable and potentially damaging to the sail. With a rotating mast, you can turn the mast into the wind and lower the mainsail. This allows the headsail to keep drawing during the reefing process and is easier and places less stress on the rig and the crew.

Because the rotating mast is in fact a rigid airfoil, it acts as an additional 12m2 sail, so by rotating the mast to the centerline position as the wind increases, you have the ability to depower the sail, which in effect, becomes an additional reef point.

And for the mathematically inclined:

12m2 mast / (12m2 mast + 125m2 mainsail) + 6% lift improvement  = 15% performance increase from a rotating mast vs a fixed mast of the same size. And conversely, straightening the mast when the wind increases will de-power the mainsail by 15%.

So what’s the catch?

As always, all this goodness comes with a price, and in this case there are three issues that have to be considered:

• The additional mechanical complexity needed to operate the mast rotation system
• Compensating for the error in the wind angle reading when the mast is off centerline
• Dealing with the error in the radar signal when the mast is rotated

For us to be able make the decision to choose the rotating mast option, we needed to find a solution to each of these. Here’s what we came up with:

Mechanical compexity

This one was actually pretty easy. Outremer has done a nice job of designing a simple and robust system for securing the mast, and operating the rotation controls from the cockpit. It does add a little more complexity when sailing, but to me it’s negligible, and since I am a committed sail tweaker anyway, I am looking forward to having another power control on the boat. Our conclusion: Outremer’s system is fine for our needs and has been proven over time on a large number of their other boats. We are happy to install it as designed.

5X Rotating mast

Rotation control lines led back to cockpit

Wind angle error

When the mast is rotated, the wind angle measured by the sensor at the top of the mast will be incorrect. This is because the wind angle instrument measures angle with respect to the mast center-line. So if the mast is rotated 20 degrees, the wind angle will read 20 degrees less than than actual apparent wind. This is a problem, but it can be corrected in software by the instrument system as long as we can provide an accurate reading of the actual angle of the mast.

To read the angle of the mast, we need another sensor:

NKE mast rotation sensor

This rotation sensor from NKE has been used by many offshore racing boats and has proven very reliable. The only concern I had was the cable that connects the mast sheave to the sensor body. If it breaks, there is no way to fix it without taking the mast off. NKE claims a 10 year life for the cable, and Outremer has never had a failure, but they add a second spare cable at the mast base that can be fitted if there is a failure of the original cable. Our conclusion: The benefits outweigh our concerns over the reliability of the sensor. If the sensor did fail, it will only affect the wind angle reading, which is a non critical data point, so we’re OK with this.

Radar image error

Most sailboats install the radar dome on a spreader located at the top section of the mast (see the first photo in this post). A high elevation for the dome provides greater radar range and minimum interference. On a rotating mast, the radar will provide significant errors when the mast is rotated. For example, if you have the mast rotated and a ship is approaching in the dark and headed straight for you, it will appear as through the ship is actually approaching from the side. This is not good.

As I write this, in September 2014, there is no reliable solution to this problem. The radar image angle should be able to be corrected in software in the same way as the wind direction, but in practice, other owners have experienced system failures where the correction angle is lost, so the radar reverts back to a non-corrected image. Although this can be resolved by rebooting the radar software, there is no way to tell if and when the system has stopped processing the angle correction input. I expect this will be resolved in a future version of the software, but it still leaves us vulnerable if there is a fault in the mast angle correction sensor.

We feel that a reliable and accurate radar, is an essential safety element when voyaging offshore, so installing the radar dome on a rotating mast is not acceptable to us. Our solution is to install the radar dome on a carbon fiber pole at the back of the boat, keeping it fixed with the vessel centerline. We will lose some range due to the lower mounting location, but it won’t be enough to compromise our safety at sea.

So all in all, the rotating mast option is a good one. It does add some complexity, but we found ways to deal with that and we are happy to be able to take advantage of the significant benefits that a rotating rig provides.

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12 thoughts on “ why should we care about a rotating mast ”.

I love reading all these details and getting to know Wildling and what will make her tick.

hi – great blog. On radar and rotating masts – two choices: – most B&G systems with a mast angle sensor (same as rudder angle sensor!) will calibrate the wind and radar systems to compensate for rotation; – mount a broadband radar unit on the bowsprit or a carbon pole on the stern quarter. cheers Malcolm

Hi Malcolm, thanks for the input. We are going with B&G instruments, so no problem with the mast angle and wind, but according to the after sales support folks at Outremer, there have been some issues with the B&G radar losing the offset angle input. A reboot fixes it, but we’re going to install the radar on a carbon pole on the stern quarter to be safe.

Is the radar issue still unresolved in 2017?

I think it’s resolved now, the newer rotating mast boats have the radar on the spreaders. Best check with B&G to be sure though.

received this from B&G: “I have verified with our Product experts in England what the issue is and that the solution is in place with the latest software update for the Zeus 2 and Zeus 3 products. This update was released earlier this year so you will not this issue when you get your Outremer boat outfitted with B&G electronics.”

Thanks Kenny, after thinking about this a bit more, I would still want to verify this with owners that are using the B&G radar with a rotating mast just to be sure. B&G said the same thing when I ordered my systems for Wildling, but other 5X owners told me they were using the latest B&G software and it still didn’t work, so I went with the aft radar mast to avoid any issues.

Given the added complexity and expense, are you still happy with the rotating mast or would a fixed carbon be adequate?

It’s more expensive to buy and a bit more difficult to rig, but there is a real performance boost in light wind, reefing is easier in heavy wind, and there is essentially no hassle or effort required when sailing. I would still choose rotating on the 5X if I did it over.

Hi Doug, love your blog, mate! How do the stays / rigging work with a rotating mast?

Hey, thanks for the comment! The surprising thing about the mast and stays (at least for me) is that there isn’t anything to really think about or deal with. The stays allow the mast to rotate easily, and the mast just orients itself into the breeze. Mostly I just leave it to position itself, so there’s no adjusting or anything to do. When it’s light wind, or I’m reefing, I will position the mast with the winches and lock it in place. Super easy to do! I think the only downside with the mast is that the angle sensor uses a captive band at the mast base. If the band breaks, the mast has to be lifted off to replace it.

I am not an engineer, but I am picturing – which I hope I can diagram in words a ‘fix’ for the Radar dome. Would it be possible to have it on the front of the mast, on a post that swivels – then attach a piece of dyneema – or something very stiff and sun resistant – to each shroud fixing the dome in position and allowing it to ‘swivel’ and stay forward facing as the mast rotates?

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How To Sail a Small Catamaran (Complete Guide)

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Learning how to sail a small catamaran(also known as beach cats) can be the beginning of a new and exciting chapter in your life. It gives you the freedom to comfortably explore the waters, which offers a stimulating and relaxing sensation. If you’re interested in learning how to sail, it is advisable to start with a small catamaran.

To sail a small catamaran (beach cat), first, familiarize yourself with the catamaran’s essential parts and common sailing terminologies. Understand how it works and equip yourself with the necessary sailing gear. Additionally, you’ll need to understand the points of sail, how to steer, turn, and stop the cat.

This guide outlines what you need to know about sailing a small catamaran. Read on to learn more on:

• What is a catamaran?
• Understanding how a catamaran works
• Getting equipped
• Sailing basics

Looking to buy a small catamaran? Read my article Best Catamarans For Beginners

Table of Contents

Understanding a Catamaran

The first step in learning how to sail a small catamaran is to understand its essentials. We begin by looking at what a catamaran is, its essential features, and some standard sailing terms. Understanding the necessary parts of a cat and sailing terminologies helps with communication when sailing.

What Is a Catamaran? 

A catamaran is a famous multi-hulled water vessel that features two parallel hulls and sails. Catamarans vary in size and shape, depending on the model and design. However, here we’re looking at the small catamarans (a.k.a. beach catamarans) and how to sail them.

Parts of a Small Catamaran

Below are the essential parts of a catamaran regardless of its model or design:

•   Hull : It is the main body of the cat. It has a symmetrical shape, which reduces the drag caused by water friction.
• Tiller : It is a handle or bar that turns the catamaran’s rudder.
• Rudder : An underwater vertical moving board often turned using a tiller (or steering wheel) to initiate movement.
• Keel : It is a centreline attached below the hull running from the front (bow) to your cat’s back (stern). The keel offers stability to the cat and reduces the chances of it capsizing.
• Mast : A long pole set upright from the center of the boat to support the sails.
• Mainsail : It is the most critical sail on a cat that is attached to the mast.
• Foresail : Also known as the jib. It is a sail that fits into the foretriangle of the mast.
• Boom: This is a horizontal pole attached to the mast used for extending the foot of the mainsail.

A full interactive guide on catamaran parts explained ?

Common Sailing Terminologies

Now let’s look at some terms to add to your sailing vocabulary.

• Point of sail : The direction of your cat relative to the wind.
• Port : When facing forward, your cat’s left side is referred to as the port.
• Starboard : Refers to anything to the right of your cat when you are facing forward.
• Bow/ stern : The front and back of the catamaran, respectively. Additionally, you can refer to the bow as ‘forward’ and the stern as ‘abaft/ aft.’
• Tack: Changing the direction of your cat by turning the bow through the wind.
• Jib (gybe): Turning the stern of your cat through the wind to change direction.
• Heeling: A situation where the wind pushes your cat as it leans over in the water.
• Windward: The side of your catamaran that is closest to the wind. It can also be defined as the direction upwind from the point of reference.
• Leeward: The side of your cat far away from the wind. It is the direction of a cat upwind from the point of reference.
• Aboard: On or within the catamaran
• Halyards : Ropes used in raising or lowering the sails on the mast.
• Sheets: Are ropes that control the angle of the sails relative to the wind’s direction.
• Tacking vs Jibing Explained

Learning How a Small Catamaran Works

After gaining knowledge of parts of a cat and the common sailing terms, the next step is to understand how the catamaran works. Here, we’ll look at how the wind gets your catamaran moving.

As the sail of your small catamaran fills with wind, it forms an airfoil that propels your cat. Your sails play the most significant role in keeping your cat moving. As a result, you have to pay much attention to their positioning relative to the wind.

You start by raising the sails using the halyards. The mainsail (the sail closest to the stern) should be raised first, followed by the jib (the sail closer to the bow). With your sails raised, you should then trim them relative to the direction of the wind. By trimming your sails, you position them at an angle where they capture more wind.

As a newbie, you should first learn raising and trimming the mainsail before the jib because you will use it more when sailing your small catamaran.

However, you should note that you don’t rely solely on the sails and the wind to get your catamaran moving. You should also use the tiller to move and control the rudder. This way, you will be in a position to angle your cat in your preferred direction.

As you continue sailing, the wind’s direction keeps on changing. As a result, you should use sheets to trim your sails while tacking and jibing with respect to the wind’s direction changes.

Getting Equipped

After learning how a catamaran works, you are a step closer to practicing in the waters. However, before this, you need to prepare yourself by getting the right sailing gear. Your instructor should advise you on the right clothes and safety equipment.

Here are some items you should not leave behind:

• Shoes : You’ll need a pair of fitting shoes that you can comfortably use on the deck. They should be grippy and non-marking.
• Gloves : It is also advisable to have quality sailing gloves. They should be comfortable to wear and also allow you to control the tiller and perform other duties on board. Consider getting heavy-duty and breathable gloves.
• Sunglasses: You’ll also need good polarized sunglasses that will protect your eyes from the glare. When learning how to sail, it is essential to see how the water is moving. This helps in learning how to read the wind.
• Windbreaker : Do not forget a piece of clothing that will keep you comfortable even under windy conditions. It should be warm and waterproof.
• Logbook: You’ll also need a book where you can keep all your sailing records. You can indicate how many sailing classes you’ve taken, the number of hours you’ve sailed, and the waters, shallow or deep.
• Compass / GPS : Don’t leave behind a compass and a map. These come in handy when you want to find a bearing or are lost in the sea.
• First aid kit : When packing your essentials, don’t leave behind a first aid kit. As a newbie, you might have sea sickness during your first sailing sessions. Carry a kit with the right prescriptions.
• Finally, do not leave behind a phone and a power bank, plus enough food and water.

 After preparing yourself for sailing, you should also prepare your small catamaran.

Preparing the Catamaran

Preparing your beach catamaran for sailing involves analyzing its parts and studying the prevailing weather conditions.

Perform a Physical Check

First up, conduct a detailed physical check to see if all the parts are in their stable working conditions:

• Check if the tiller is moving freely to control the rudder.
• Look at the condition of your sails. Ensure they are straight and with no holes or frayed edges.
• The rigging should be in their perfect working conditions. Check the standing rigging (everything that keeps the mast and sails upright) and the running rigging (the lines used to raise and control the sails).
• Check all lines . They should be free. This means they should not be wrapped against each other or around any objects aboard. Here you may also need to tie line knots if you intend to use them during your sail. 

Study the Wind

Before getting into the waters, you’ve to study the direction of the wind. Knowing how the wind is blowing helps in the proper positioning of the sails and the cat. You can check the wind’s direction by looking at wind instruments in your small catamaran.

Most catamarans have wind indicators strategically placed on their mast. You can use this. Additionally, you can tie small flags on the sides of your cat to help with the direction. Knowing where the wind is coming from allows you to position your cat at the right point of sail.

Points of Sail

The point of sail defines the direction of the wind relative to your cat. With the right point of sail, you will be in a position to sail your catamaran smoothly. The point of sail differs depending on the angle of your cat from the wind. The different points of sail include:

• Running : In a running point of sail, the wind blows behind your back. It is not advisable to use this point of sail as accidents are prone to occur if the wind’s force pushes over your small cat.
• Broad reach : The wind is partially at your back and your side (aft quarter).
• Close reach : Here, you are sailing at approximately 60-75 off the wind.
• Beam reach : You position your cat at an angle of 90 of the wind. It is considered the most precise sailing position.
• Close haul : At this point of sail, you are approximately 45-60 off the wind.

Hoisting the Sails

Now that you have already identified the wind’s direction and positioned your cat, the next important thing is hoisting the sails. While hoisting your sails, it is advisable to start with the mainsail.

• To start with, secure the bottom front of the mainsail to the respective shackles on the boom.
• Notice a small line known as an outhaul that attaches the clew (the lower back part of the mainsail) to the boom. Carefully pull it out until the mainsail forms a smooth airfoil allowing wind to blow over it.
• Now pull down the halyard until it stops . You will notice some flapping on the mainsail, which is normal.
• Ensure that the mainsail’s edges are smooth , then attach the halyard on the winch or cleat.
• Now shift to the jib and hoist it . Start by securing its bottom front part to the boom and then follow a process similar to that of hoisting the mainsail.

Start Sailing

As a newbie, you need to ensure you are on a safe sailing point during your practice sessions. Avoid going far into the waters with your small catamaran during your first training sessions.

Also, ensure that you have enough space around you for your catamaran to turn in response to the wind movements. This is to avoid being thrown back into the dock or in the sand by the moving wind.

As you start sailing, you’ll notice the effects of the wind on your cat. As a result, you may need to make a turn through tacking or jibing .

When sailing, always make sure you place yourself at the right point in your catamaran. Sit at the side where the wind is blowing to; the wind should blow from your back. This means you should be on the opposite side of the sail and not beneath it. Sitting on the wrong side might cause your cat to flip over.

Now that you already know how to get your cat moving, let’s look at steering. Steering the cat is often unclear to most newbies.

Small catamarans are steered using a tiller that controls the rudder. What confuses most sailors is that you move the tiller in the opposite direction from which you want your cat to move. So, if you’re going to turn to the right, you will push your tiller to the left and vice versa.

Since steering a small cat differs from steering other moving vessels, the experience may feel awkward at first. However, you shouldn’t feel pressured to master it all at once. Take your time and practice until you master the process.

Trimming the Sails

As you continue learning how to sail, you also need to understand how to control your cat by trimming sails. Trimming sails means adjusting the positioning of your sails to control the movement of your cat.

As a learner, to effectively and safely trim your sails, you should first position your tiller to reduce the movement of your cat to either side. Start by trimming the mainsail.

Tighten the mainsail to stop flapping and for it to take a new shape relative to the wind’s direction. As your mainsail takes a new form, your cat will start building some speed. Quickly grab the jib and adjust it too.

To tighten the jib, stretch it as much as you can to reduce flapping/ luffing. Once the flapping has reduced, loosen it and let it out until the edge of its luff (the forward end of the jib) is shaking. Now tighten it back in its new position, and you are ready to go.

If you are sailing close to the wind, you have to keep your sails tighter than usual. On the other hand, if you are sailing off the wind, your sail should be left loose. Generally, tight sails cause your cat to move faster, while the opposite is true for loose sails.

Turning the Catamaran

You’ll also need to learn how to turn a catamaran. As a learner, after releasing the mooring line, you should be prepared to turn the catamaran by moving the boom to either side. As you push out the boom, the wind will hit your sail from the back, making your cat turn.

Therefore, you should be cautious enough to avoid turning in the wrong direction. Like in moving the tiller, you also push out the boom into the opposite direction you want to turn. Therefore, when turning to the right, you push out the boom to the left and vice versa.

Slowing Down and Stopping

Although sailing a small catamaran at high speeds is fun, you may at some point want to slow down. When you detect an obstacle in the water, you may need to slow down. Most sailors use the term ‘spill wind’ to refer to the action of slowing down and stopping a cat.

Since tighter sails often accelerate the speed of your cat, you can slow it down by loosening them a little. The more you let your sails out, the more your cat slows down and eventually stops.

It is advisable to release the sails as you face the wind’s direction to help your cat stop. If you are sailing against the wind, first turn your cat in the direction of the wind, then release the sails.

Practice slowing down and stopping your cat under different weather conditions to be prepared in case of an emergency. Since your cat has no brakes, you should practice this until you perfect your skills.

Capsize Recovery

Although capsizing is not common in catamarans, it can happen and it is crucial always to be prepared. If your small catamaran capsizes, it is advisable to start the recovery process immediately before the situation worsens. Let’s look at how to right a capsized catamaran.

Why and how often do catamarans capsize, a scientific approach!

You can right most small catamarans by pushing the bow or stern below the water to rotate them upright.

To right your capsized catamaran:

• Lower down your bow and stern until your cat lies in a vertical position.
• One crew member should then swim around to one end of the lower hull and then push it down. By pushing the lower end down, the uppermost hull’s end comes down towards the water.
• As the uppermost hull drops towards the water, it is pulled down by another crew member. In the meantime, the other crew pushes the cat up midway along the lower hull.
• This movement puts your cat in a vertical position in the water. The crew members then swim to the mast and push it back to its standard sailing position. They then climb aboard fast before the cat sails off.

 Avoid sailing alone. Always have some crew members to help you out in case of a capsize.

Learning how to sail a small catamaran is a process that requires practice and patience to perfect your skills. Therefore, don’t feel pressured; take it slow, a step at a time. Start by understanding the essentials of a catamaran, preparing yourself and your cat for the adventure, and learning some sailing basics.

The fundamental sailing basics outlined in this guide are the points of sail, steering, trimming sails, slowing down, and righting a cat after a capsize. Follow our guide today and become a pro in sailing a small catamaran.

• Catamaran Parts Explained
• Why do catamarans capsize?

Owner of CatamaranFreedom.com. A minimalist that has lived in a caravan in Sweden, 35ft Monohull in the Bahamas, and right now in his self-built Van. He just started the next adventure, to circumnavigate the world on a Catamaran!

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17 Sailboat Types Explained: How To Recognize Them

Ever wondered what type of sailboat you're looking at? Identifying sailboats isn't hard, you just have to know what to look for. In this article, I'll help you.

Every time I'm around a large number of sailboats, I look around in awe (especially with the bigger ones). I recognize some, but with most of them, I'll have to ask the owner. When they answer, I try to hide my ignorance. The words don't make any sense!

So here's a complete list with pictures of the most common sailboat types today. For each of them, I'll explain exactly where the name comes from, and how you can recognize it easily.

So here's my list of popular sailboat types, explained:

Bermuda sloop, sailing hydrofoil, dutch barge, chinese junk, square-rigged tall ship, in conclusion, how to recognize any sailboat.

Before we get started, I wanted to quickly explain what you should look for when you try to identify a sailboat.

The type of sailboat is always determined by one of these four things:

• The type of hull
• The type of keel
• The number of masts
• And the type of sails and rig

The hull is the boat's body. There are basically three hull types: monohull, catamaran, and trimaran. Simply said: do I see one hull, two hulls (catamaran) or three hulls (trimaran)? Most sailboats are monohulls.

Next, there is the keel type. The keel is the underwater part of the hull. Mostly, you won't be able to see that, because it's underwater. So we'll leave that for now.

The sail plan

The last factor is the number of masts and the sail plan. The sail plan, simply put, is the number of sails, the type of sails, and how the sails are mounted to the masts (also called rigging ).

Sailboat are mostly named after the sail plan, but occasionally, a sail type is thrown in there as well.

So now we know what to pay attention to, let's go and check out some sailboats!

Dinghies are the smallest and most simple sailboats around.

They are your typical training sailboats. Small boats with an open hull, with just one mast and one sail. Perfect for learning the ways of the wind.

On average, they are between 6 and 20 ft long. Mostly sailed single-handed (solo). There's no special rigging, just the mainsail. The mainsail is commonly a Bermuda (triangular) mainsail. Dinghies have a simple rudder stick and no special equipment or rigging.

Dinghies are great for learning how to sail. The smaller the boat, the better you feel the impact of your trim and actions.

How to recognize a sailing dinghy:

• short (8ft)
• one Bermuda sail
• open hull design
• rudder stick

Common places to spot them: lakes, near docks

If you'd ask a kid to draw a sailboat, she'll most probably draw this one. The Bermuda Sloop is the most popular and most common sailboat type today. You'll definitely recognize this one.

How to recognize a Bermuda Sloop:

• triangular mainsail (called a Bermuda sail)
• a foresail (also called the jib)
• fore-and-aft rigged
• medium-sized (12 - 50 ft)

Fore-and-aft rigged just means "from front to back". This type of rigging helps to sail upwind.

Any sailboat with one mast and two sails could still be a sloop. Even if the sails are another shape or rigged in another way. For example, here's a gaff-rigged sloop (more on the gaff rig later):

If you want to learn all about sail rigs, check out my full Guide to Understanding Sail Rig Types here. It has good infographics and explains it in more detail

The Bermuda sloop has a lot of advantages over other sailboat types (which is why it's so popular):

• the Bermuda rig is very maneuverable and pretty fast in almost all conditions
• it's really versatile
• you can sail it by yourself without any problems
• it's a simple setup

Common places to spot a sloop: everywhere. Smaller sloops are more common for inland waters, rivers, and lakes. Medium-sized and large sloops are very popular cruising boats.

Cutters have one mast but three or more sails. Most cutters are Bermuda rigged, which means they look a lot like sloops.

How to recognize a cutter:

• looks like a sloop
• two or more headsails instead of one
• commonly one mast
• sometimes an extra mast with mainsail

Cutters have more sail area, which makes them faster, but also harder to sail single-handed. There's also more strain on the mast and rigging.

Common places to spot a cutter: everywhere. Cutters are very popular for cruising.

They mostly have a Bermuda rig, which means triangular sails. But there are also gaff cutters and naval cutters, and some have two masts.

Here's an example of a two-masted naval cutter with an extra gaff mainsail and top gaff:

The Hydrofoil is a pretty new sailboat design. It's a racing sailboat with thin wing foils under the hull. These lift up the hull, out of the water, reducing the displacement to nearly zero. The foils create downforce and keep it from lifting off entirely.

This makes the hydrofoil extremely fast and also impressive.

The hydrofoil refers to the keel type. There are both monohull and multihull hydrofoils.

How to recognize a hydrofoil:

• it flies above the waterline and has small fins

Common places to spot a hydrofoil: at racing events

Famous catamaran: La Vagabonde from Sailing La Vagabonde

A catamaran is a type of cruising and racing multihull sailboat with two hulls. The hulls are always the same size.

Most catamarans have a standard Bermuda rig. The catamaran refers to the hull, so it can have any number of masts, sails, sail types and rig type.

How to recognize a catamaran:

• any boat with two hulls is called a catamaran

Common places to spot catamarans: coastal waters, The Caribbean, shallow reefs

The advantages of a catamaran: Catamarans heel less than monohulls and are more buoyant. Because of the double hull, they don't need as deep a keel to be stable. They have a smaller displacement, making them faster. They also have a very shallow draft. That's why catamarans are so popular in the Caribbean, where there's lots of shallow water.

Catamarans are nearly impossible to capsize:

"Compared with a monohull, a cruising catamaran sailboat has a high initial resistance to heeling and capsize—a fifty-footer requires four times the force to initiate a capsize than an equivalent monohull." Source: Wikipedia

How to recognize a trimaran:

• any boat with three hulls is called a trimaran

Trimarans have three hulls, so it's a multi-hull design. It's mostly a regular monohull with two smaller hulls or floaters on the sides. Some trimarans can be trailered by winching in the auxiliary hulls, like this:

This makes them very suitable for long-term cruising, but also for regular docking. This is great for crowded areas and small berths, like in the Mediterranean. It sure is more cost-effective than the catamaran (but you also don't have the extra storage and living space!).

Common places to spot Trimarans: mostly popular for long-term cruising, you'll find the trimaran in coastal areas.

Gaffer refers to gaff-rigged, which is the way the sails are rigged. A gaff rig is a rectangular sail with a top pole, or 'spar', which attaches it to the mast. This pole is called the 'gaff'. To hoist the mainsail, you hoist this top spar with a separate halyard. Most gaffers carry additional gaff topsails as well.

Gaff rigs are a bit less versatile than sloops. Because of the gaff, they can have a larger sail area. So they will perform better with downwind points of sail. Upwind, however, they handle less well.

How to recognize a gaffer:

• sail is rectangular
• mainsail has a top pole (or spar)

Since a gaffer refers to the rig type, and not the mast configuration or keel type, all sailboats with this kind of rigging can be called 'gaffers'.

Common places to spot a gaffer: Gaffers are popular inland sailboats. It's a more traditional rig, being used recreationally.

Schooners used to be extremely popular before sloops took over. Schooners are easy to sail but slower than sloops. They handle better than sloops in all comfortable (cruising) points of sail, except for upwind.

How to recognize a schooner:

• mostly two masts
• smaller mast in front
• taller mast in the back
• fore-and-aft rigged sails
• gaff-rigged mainsails (spar on top of the sail)

Common places to spot a schooner: coastal marinas, bays

How to recognize a ketch:

• medium-sized (30 ft and up)
• smaller mast in back
• taller mast in front
• both masts have a mainsail

The ketch refers to the sail plan (mast configuration and type of rig). Ketches actually handle really well. The back mast (mizzenmast) powers the hull, giving the skipper more control. Because of the extra mainsail, the ketch has shorter masts. This means less stress on masts and rigging, and less heel.

Common places to spot a ketch: larger marinas, coastal regions

How to recognize a yawl:

• main mast in front
• much smaller mast in the back
• back mast doesn't carry a mainsail

The aft mast is called a mizzenmast. Most ketches are gaff-rigged, so they have a spar at the top of the sail. They sometimes carry gaff topsails. They are harder to sail than sloops.

The yawl refers to the sail plan (mast configuration and type of rig).

Common places to spot a yawl: they are not as popular as sloops, and most yawls are vintage sailboat models. You'll find most being used as daysailers on lakes and in bays.

Dutch Barges are very traditional cargo ships for inland waters. My hometown is literally littered with a very well-known type of barge, the Skutsje. This is a Frisian design with leeboards.

Skutsjes don't have a keel but use leeboards for stability instead, which are the 'swords' or boards on the side of the hull.

How to recognize a Dutch Barge:

• most barges have one or two masts
• large, wooden masts
• leeboards (wooden wings on the side of the hull)
• mostly gaff-rigged sails (pole on top of the sail, attached to mast)
• a ducktail transom

The clipper is one of the latest sailboat designs before steam-powered vessels took over. The cutter has a large cargo area for transporting cargo. But they also needed to be fast to compete with steam vessels. It's a large, yet surprisingly fast sailboat model, and is known for its good handling.

This made them good for trade, especially transporting valuable goods like tea or spices.

How to recognize a Clipper:

• mostly three masts
• square-rigged sails
• narrow but long, steel hull

Common places to spot a clipper: inland waters, used as houseboats, but coastal waters as well. There are a lot of clippers on the Frisian Lakes and Waddenzee in The Netherlands (where I live).

This particular junk is Satu, from the Chesapeake Bay Area.

The Chinese Junk is an ancient type of sailboat. Junks were used to sail to Indonesia and India from the start of the Middle Ages onward (500 AD). The word junk supposedly comes from the Chinese word 'jung', meaning 'floating house'.

How to recognize a Chinese junk:

• medium-sized (30 - 50 ft)
• large, flat sails with full-length battens
• stern (back of the hull) opens up in a high deck
• mostly two masts (sometimes one)
• with two mainsails, sails are traditionally maroon
• lug-rigged sails

The junk has a large sail area. The full-length battens make sure the sails stay flat. It's one of the flattest sails around, which makes it good for downwind courses. This also comes at a cost: the junk doesn't sail as well upwind.

The cat rig is a sail plan with most commonly just one mast and one sail, the mainsail.

Most sailing dinghies are cats, but there are also larger boats with this type of sail plan. The picture above is a great example.

How to recognize a cat rig:

• smaller boats
• mostly one mast
• one sail per mast
• no standing rigging

Cat-rigged refers to the rigging, not the mast configuration or sail type. So you can have cats with a Bermuda sail (called a Bermuda Cat) or gaff-rigged sail (called a Gaff Cat), and so on. There are also Cat Ketches and Cat Schooners, for example. These have two masts.

The important thing to know is: cats have one sail per mast and no standing rigging .

Most typical place to spot Cats: lakes and inland waters

Famous brig: HMS Beagle (Charles Darwin's ship)

A brig was a very popular type of small warship of the U.S. navy during the 19th century. They were used in the American Revolution and other wars with the United Kingdom. They carry 10-18 guns and are relatively fast and maneuverable. They required less crew than a square-rigged ship.

How to recognize a brig:

• square-rigged foremast
• mainmast square-rigged or square-rigged and gaff-rigged

How to recognize a tall ship:

• three or four masts
• square sails with a pole across the top
• multiple square sails on each mast
• a lot of lines and rigging

Square-rigged ships, or tall ships, are what we think of when we think of pirate ships. Now, most pirate ships weren't actually tall ships, but they come from around the same period. They used to be built from wood, but more modern tall ships are nearly always steel.

Tall ships have three or four masts and square sails which are square-rigged. That means they are attached to the masts with yards.

We have the tall ship races every four years, where dozens of tall ships meet and race just offshore.

Most common place to spot Tall Ships: Museums, special events, open ocean

This is a bonus type since it is not very common anymore. As far as I know, there's only one left.

The Trabaccolo is a small cargo ship used in the Adriatic Sea. It has lug sails. A lug rig is a rectangular sail, but on a long pole or yard that runs fore-and-aft. It was a popular Venetian sailboat used for trade.

The name comes from the Italian word trabacca , which means tent, referring to the sails.

How to recognize a Trabaccolo:

• wide and short hull
• sails look like a tent

Most common place to spot Trabaccolo's: the Marine Museum of Cesenatico has a fully restored Trabaccolo.

So, there you have it. Now you know what to look for, and how to recognize the most common sailboat types easily. Next time you encounter a magnificent sailboat, you'll know what it's called - or where to find out quickly.

I loved this article. I had no idea there were so many kinds of sailboats.

i have a large sailing boat about 28ft. that im having a difficult time identifying. it was my fathers & unfortunately hes passed away now. any helpful information would be appreciated.

Jorge Eusali Castro Archbold

I find a saleboat boat but i can find the módem…os registré out off bru’x, and the saleboat name is TADCOZ, can you tell me who to go about this matter in getting info.thank con voz your time…

Leave a comment

You may also like, guide to understanding sail rig types (with pictures).

There are a lot of different sail rig types and it can be difficult to remember what's what. So I've come up with a system. Let me explain it in this article.

The Ultimate Guide to Sail Types and Rigs (with Pictures)

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Safe mast lowering method

This photo sequence shows the safe, reliable way one person can lower or raise a mast. It will work like this on boats up to about 10m long with 12m (40ft) long masts. However I have lowered much bigger masts this way with extra help.

Everything is very controlled and you can stop at any time to take pictures or have a beer. The load increases the more horizontal the mast is, so it gets easier as you raise it and more stressed/stressful as it lowers.

This shows the general view just prior to lowering. The boom is being used as a lever.

The photo below shows the simple "gooseneck" I made that goes on the front of the mast. You can also see the simple pivoting mast step

The genoa halyard is attached to the end of the boom and will be used as the "stay" when lowering. There is less load on the system if the "stay" is not at the masthead, so the genoa is a convenient halyard to use. The mainsheet takeoff below the boom is used to attach the winching rope (sorry, slightly hidden behind the furling drum). The rope goes to a (silver) block on the netting beam, or, in this case, on the bowsprit

You can do this as a single purchase, or use  a couple of blocks to reduce the winching loads. But be careful that you don't run out of rope, go "block to block" or foul things as the blocks move

If you now tension the winching rope you will be able to release the forestay. However before doing that you want to fit the two temporary "guy ropes". These are absolutely essential for a safe system as they stop the mast falling sideways as the real shrouds slacken. So they must be fitted as wide as practical and, essentially, their bottom take-off point must line up with the mast foot pivot bolt, both vertically and fore/aft.

I find U bolts in the deck convenient. Normally they are used for barber haulers. In this case the "guy ropes" are the masthead shrouds. If you don't have them you'll need to use halyards or fit temporary ropes from the diamond spreader roots. They should be tight (black lanyards)

You now also need to fit two more guys (white rope below). These go from the forward end of the boom to this same U bolt, one each side and stop the boom falling sideways as it goes up. See later photos.

This shows one of the advantages of the deeper mast beam. With a lower beam you have to fit the U bolts on the inner cabin sides to get them to line up properly. That's OK but the support angle is less. On some designs, like the Strike 18 for example, the mast step is the highest point so you need (removable) extra long chain plates. See the Strike 18 updates page for a photo

Once the mast is safely "stayed" you can remove the forestay and tie it out of the way - but keep an eye on it as you lower the mast

All is now ready to lower, obviously you don't need to winch as gravity does the work. But you may find you need to push the mast to get it to start moving backwards. Then slowly ease out the winching rope, remembering that the load will increase as you lower it.

Cleat it off at any time

Almost down, in these pictures, above and below, you can also see the "guy ropes" from the boom end (now the top) that also go to the deck U bolts. These stop the boom (now really a "mast") from falling sideways. You can also see you don't even need the complete cockpit floor to work safely. And you can do it when afloat as I did

Note: you can use exactly the same system and lower the mast forwards. Clearly you then fit the boom on its normal gooseneck. However I prefer lowering this way as otherwise what do you do with the forestay - especially if you have a jib furling spar that doesn't like being bent

This method works on large boats as well! This Nimbus has to take its mast down every time it goes to sea as it is moored the wrong side of a low fixed bridge. In 25 years the boat has sailed over 50,000 miles so mast lowering is commonplace!

 And these photos show Hans' solution on his Strike 18. He says he can easily raise the mast himself. The photos are self explanatory, adjust as required to suit your own mast and boat. Of course you could also make the A frame in aluminium rather than wood.

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Gemini 105Mc

This is the third version of an already thoughtful design that tony smith has been tweaking for years. it's a spacious, stable platform for a fast-cruising couple..

Tony Smith’s most recent design is the third iteration of a 34-foot catamaran that his company, Performance Cruising, Inc., of Annapolis, first introduced to the American market in the 1990s. The result of Smith’s continued tinkering, the 105Mc, is, he says faster than the original. Since this is our first review of the Gemini cat in any version, we can’t compare. But we can report that this boat is fast for a cruising catamaran. It’s also evidence that when a builder is willing to incorporate new and sometimes expensive ideas in design development, the results can be worth the investment.

Company History Tony Smith is a British expatriate who, with wife Susan, formed Performance Cruising in 1980. Following graduation from the University of East Anglia with a degree in engineering, he studied the mechanics of boat performance while participating in singlehanded races, including the first 2,100-mile Round Britain race, in which he finished fourth.

He began his boatbuilding career by constructing a 24-foot Piver trimaran in a shed in England. Then, in 1969, he developed a method of integrating foam coring with fiberglass, and produced the Telstar, a 26-foot, folding trimaran. During a 10-year run, 300 of the boats were sold worldwide. Along the way, he also was involved in the construction of 30- to 70-foot custom yachts.

Eventually emigrating to the US, he introduced the Telstar to the US market. Following the loss of the molds in a fire in 1981, he re-emerged on the scene with the design for a new catamaran, appropriately called the Phoenix, the first Gemini.

In 1993, the company launched the Gemini 3400, the first catamaran with a lifting underhung rudder system. It was eventually modified and reintroduced as the 105M, and the 105Mc is the most recent upgrade.

With 800 boats on the water, the company claims to be the best-selling catamaran manufacturer in the US. In 2002 the company’s 20 employees built and sold 54 boats, valued at $8 million, in a 16,000-square-foot factory. An additional 25,000 square feet of production space are currently under construction.

Six dealers are located in Florida, Maryland, California and Washington. Though the company also sells directly to customers, there’s no price advantage, and a connection to a local dealer would be an advantage if warranty issues arise.

A prototype for a new Telstar trimaran is undergoing sea trials, and can be seen on the Performance Cruising website.

Appearance/Design Smith’s perspective on sailing and yacht design fits the definition of a multihull advocate. From his standpoint, sailing is about speed, comfort, and stability.

From an aesthetic standpoint, comparisons of a 35-foot catamaran to a cruising monohull are usually akin to comparing a coupe to a delivery van. Though both may be designed to accomplish the same purposes, the execution varies greatly. Many cruising multihulls present a slab-sided appearance, and boxlike profiles with cabins extending high above deck level.

The 105Mc does not. When viewed from the quarter, the Mc has a relatively sporty appearance, even with the addition of a cockpit canopy that raises the boat’s profile. Viewed on the centerline, there’s no question she’s a cat, though the unsightly strakes of the 3400 version have been eliminated.

Smith says Gemini catamarans are designed for “serious ocean cruising,” adding that “a 23-day passage with son Neil across the North Atlantic opened my eyes to her capabilities.”

During the passage, he says, the pair encountered 45-knot winds and 35-foot waves, but never felt they were in harm’s way, and were comfortably ensconced in the cockpit wearing layers of fleece.

As most readers know, voyaging in multihulls offshore demands some different sailing techniques and priorities than sailing ballasted monohulls. The high initial stability of a multihull works both ways: the boat will mightily resist capsizing, but if it does go over and invert, it will be virtually impossible to right again without the assistance of a large ship with a cargo crane. Assuming the essential integrity of the hulls, the platform will be stable, and the crew will live in an inverted world pending rescue. However, very few owners of cruising multihulls have the occasion to take their boats into conditions that seriously challenge their initial stability, and (North Atlantic deliveries by designers notwithstanding) this Mc will usually be sailed in coastal or near-coastal waters.

The Mc has the same basic dimensions as the 3400. Note that the weights published in the company’s sales literature and on its website are at odds with each other. Dimensions in this article are accurate, Smith says: “The 105M and the Mc are the same weight—9,600 pounds. We realized after our trans-Atlantic trip that the weights we had given for the 105M were too low. We finally bought a pair of scales!

“The mast on the Mc is a foot taller than the 105M, and has a 1′ crane.” The mainsail now carries a large roach and full battens, increasing mainsail area from 260 to 340 square feet, a hefty jump. The 150% genoa carries 350 square feet.

A new option is a flat-cut overlapping genoa known in the multihull world as a “screecher.” This 490-square-foot sail produces spinnaker performance without adding a pole and guys.

The furling drum for the screecher tack can move athwartships on a curved track that is mounted at the prows of both hulls and across the bowsprit/anchor platform, forward of where the anchor is dropped through. This movable tack allows more flexibility with sheeting angles, especially when attempting to work to weather.

The cut of the sail allows it to be sailed to within 50 degrees of the apparent wind, and the tack arrangement doesn’t get in the way of the ground tackle.

Smith describes the hull shapes, introduced in 1995 on the 105M model, as “revolutionary in the multihull industry.” They have a 9:1 length to width ratio.

“They closely resemble a racing monohull,” Smith says. “They are shallow and fat, with a teardrop shape to produce more speed and increase load-carrying capacity. Compared to the 3400, narrower shapes allow hulls to be moved outward to produce stability without increasing beam.”

The foredeck has 39″ of clearance at the bow. (Note that the builders refer to the deck area forward of the cabin as the “bridge deck,” but we’ll use “foredeck” as we don’t want to confuse it with the bit of decking often found between the cockpit and the companionway.)

Asymmetric centerboards were designed to reduce turbulent drag and increase lift. Constructed of a combination of fiberglass mat and Kevlar surrounding closed cell foam, they pivot upward to allow shallow-water anchoring. Located in cavities on the hulls, they are raised from inside the main saloon, a convenient arrangement that does not interfere with galley or navigational chores. Smith says the combination of hull and centerboard redesigns produced a boat requiring “25% less energy to push it the same speed.”

The cockpit sole has been lowered slightly to increase headroom to 6′ 7″. However, the modification does not impair the helmsman’s view forward through a large Lexan window that spans the deck. The wheel was moved outboard, allowing the helmsman to steer from the rail. Mainsail controls are now located on a thicker transom that provides more comfortable seating for crew, and the stern has been modified to allow access from swim ladders.

Smith’s personality is that of a consummate tinkerer. However, unlike industry giants, he enjoys the luxury of being able to continually focus his attention on one product with an eye toward evolutionary improvements.

Deck One early impression while sailing this boat is that the cockpit doesn’t resemble a spaghetti factory, though the boat is as well-equipped with name-brand equipment as a similar-sized monohull.

Halyards are led to winches on the mast rather than sheetstoppers on the cabintop because, Smith says, “you’re operating on a stable platform, even in a blow,” so moving forward is not as treacherous.

The mast carries straight double spreaders and is stepped on deck atop the main bulkhead. The headstay is opposed by a split backstay with tensioner. Halyards are internal. Shrouds are dead-ended on chainplates at the main bulkhead. The chainplates are bolted through steel strapping bonded into the foredeck area.

The mast is rigged with permanent checkstays angled 20 degrees aft. These are supported through the deck by a stainless steel rod married to a steel plate mounted horizontally in the hull. The powerful sailplan is well supported.

As is true on most catamarans, movement forward is relatively effortless. The combination of 14″ wide steps, a handhold on the canopy, a stainless steel handrail recessed in the cabintop, and 10″ wide decks, allowed us to move forward safely in blustery conditions we encountered on a test sail.

The large sundeck and plastic seats attached to the forward rail provide passengers comfortable lounging spaces forward of the mast when underway. Unlike a lightweight monohull, the cat’s performance is relatively unaffected by weight on the foredeck. Storage compartments are located in each hull.

The helmsman steers seated on a 27″ wide x 16″ deep seat that affords unrestricted views forward. We sailed with three passengers under the canopy without interfering with the skipper. Though the saloon may be enclosed in stinky weather, clear windows on the top half of the cockpit bulkhead slide open to allow the driver to commiserate with passengers.

The mainsheet is attached to the end of the boom and a section of track mounted on the stern rail that affords excellent sail control. However, the task becomes difficult when the cockpit is enclosed by a clear vinyl cover.

Lockers for storage of propane tanks and an optional generator are also located in the cockpit.

Belowdecks Step over an 11″ doorframe into the saloon and there’s no comparing the open spaces of the Mc’s 14-foot beam to the view along the saloon of a typical 34-foot monohull. That impression is augmented by a portlight array that provides 360-degree visibility, and four Bowmar hatches that allow light and air to flow in from overhead.

Fiberglass surfaces are light and shiny, and veneers nicely finished. The fit of most cabinetry is above average.

The centerpiece of the saloon is a C -shaped dining area surrounded by cushions that, with the table removed, serves as a conversation pit. When lowered, the table converts to a double berth.

The space to port, amidships along the hull, is dedicated to the navigator. The master stateroom is forward amidships and to starboard, with the bunk set at a slight angle. The head is forward to port. There’s an elongated galley on the starboard side, matched by a navigator’s station along the port side, and twin staterooms aft.

The boat has enough bunks for 6-8 adults, but Smith rightly calls it “a couple’s boat.” This is a refreshing contrast to builders who overstate the livability of their products.

In addition to its spaciousness, the minimum headroom, even in the head, is more than 6′, so most passengers will be able to stand upright.

Though the interior is not dramatically different than typical production boats, several touches contribute to a favorable impression. The dining table is solid teak. Leaves increase the surface of the table to feed 6-8 adults, and it rotates 90 degrees to fit the crowd.

Part of the navigator’s 89″ long work surface is elevated and shaped so a chart kit fits securely.

Aft staterooms have a 28″ x 28″ area in which to change clothes without banging the hull. Both have double berths and opening ports. Propane sensors and fume detectors are standard equipment in the staterooms, as are audible alarms.

The size of the galley on the Mc was increased by locating countertops on the inboard and outboard sides of the passageway, and the addition of drawers and cabinets. Similarly, room for a built-in microwave was added. The space is filled with a Voyager 2000 two-burner stove with oven and broiler, and two-section stainless steel sink. A solar vent is located overhead. The four-cubic-foot refrigerator is a Dometic American.

Skipper’s quarters are filled with light by a port spanning the hulls that presents views through black Lexan. The queen-sized berth sits on an island with nothing below it but water. Storage is forward in the hull, and in bins to starboard. The aft bulkhead of the compartment is enclosed by smoked glass that slides out of the way to provide a view corridor for the helmsman.

The head compartment on the Mc is big, bright, and well-ventilated. A good touch is a siphon arrangement that allows fresh water to be pumped through the toilet after every use, helping to eliminate odors.

Throughout the catamaran, spaces are well-organized and proportioned, so crews will rest, eat, and sleep in comfort. The skipper’s quarters are large enough to help compensate for the monthly mortgage payment and slip fees.

Construction The Gemini plant is a model of efficiency, with no wasted space, as we learned during an afternoon tour. Boats typically require 5-7 days to proceed past six stations to a forklift waiting to launch them into a creek behind the facility.

Hulls, decks, and interior liners that provide reinforcement of the structure and a base for furniture are solid fiberglass. Liners are glassed and tabbed into the hull prior to installation of the deck.

The lamination schedule calls for vinylester resins bonding a barrier coat of 1.5-oz mat followed by two layers of 18 x 15 Cofab mat. The only coring is 1/2″ end-grain balsa across the foredeck and cabintop, and in cockpit areas in which there are no deck fittings.

The hull-deck joint is a shoebox design bonded with something Smith calls “black poly putty,” produced by Cook’s. Most builders prefer 3M5200 but Smith has used the putty for 20 years because “it has an 8- hour setup time that allows workers to be more precise in the placement of the two sections. It makes a phenomenal bond that is not brittle because it is chemically cured, a better alternative than air-cured products.”

Once installed, the deck is secured with stainless steel fasteners on 5″ centers and the joint is covered by a gunwale guard.

Following his trans-Atlantic trip, Smith decided that the boat needed to undergo a weight loss program. When constructed, most boats are heavier than designed, and the Mc was no exception. Smith estimates the boat was 1,000 pounds too heavy.

“It was not a matter of speed, but of comfort,” he said. “I felt that by reducing the boat’s weight I could increase its buoyancy and produce a more comfortable ride.”

To that end, he replaced drawers in the forward stateroom with bins, substituted 1/2″ plywood for 3/4″ in some areas, and lightened the lamination in some nonload-bearing areas.

The boat’s Achilles heel could be the solving of wiring or plumbing problems, should they occur. Wiring looms are attached to the liner prior to the installation of the liner to the hull, and are virtually inaccessible. Of the arrangement, Smith says “our looms are foolproof. Remember, we’ve been doing this for 20 years and the process is evolutionary, not revolutionary.” Spare hoses are installed during construction to ease retrofitting appliances, and 12-volt wires are run through PVC to avoid heat and chafe. Wires exit the mast into the forward stateroom, and can be accessed in a panel between the deck and liner. Still, we wouldn’t want to perform subcutaneous surgery on this boat.

Performance We sailed the 105Mc on the day after the Annapolis Boat Show ended, when multihull manufacturers congregate to offer rides to interested sailors. A northeaster arrived that morning, bringing winds that built to 25-35 knots and produced a 3-4 foot chop. We were the only multi hull on the water.

With the wind abeam when we slipped dock lines, once we were underway she motored well despite her windage. On the bay, the boat sailed with little heel, and fast, under a reefed mainsail and a flat, 90% jib. Nearby, the three-person crew aboard a 30-foot monohull struggled to keep their boat on her feet.

Sailing closed-hauled, speed fluctuated between 6.5 and 7 knots. The short chop produced a bumpy ride and water over the bow, but we stayed on course with very little leeway. When we cracked off, speed fluctuated between 7 and 12 knots in wind speeds ranging from 17 to 25 knots. She was easy to steer, and responsive when we made sudden maneuvers to avoid crab pots.

The canopy protects crew from the elements, but may provide a false sense of security, as we learned when we moved forward from its protection and stepped into a chilly breeze and seaspray. Handrails are well located, and the nonskid was effective on the wet deck.

The boat is propelled under power by a single Westerbeke diesel, using an outdrive leg than can be lifted clear of the water. The current standard engine is 27-hp, up from the 20-hp engine previously installed.

Conclusions This third generation of Gemini cat is an improvement over her predecessors. She sails as well to windward as can be expected of a cruising catamaran (better than many) and shows good speed and stability off the wind. She’s easy to operate, and well-built. Spaces belowdecks are comfortable and larger than those on similar-sized monohulls, though the lack of a second head will be an inconvenience for skippers overnighting with large crews. With the 27-hp engine, a 150% genoa and furler, and electronics, the tab for the 105Mc is $129,500. Add a screecher for another $5,400.

Contact – Performance Cruising, Inc., 410/626-2720, www.geminicatamarans.com

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Where is the production site, and can a tour of the facility be arranged?

The boat is no longer in production. Tony retired and sold the company. I think during the 2005 market crash everything fell apart. The outdrive and engine aren’t made anymore. The new owners redesigned the boat and ruined the original idea. They tried to design a boat for the single handed rental market in the Caribbean with a deeper draft and fixed keels. It didn’t sell well.

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Video shows moments before superyacht went down in storm off Sicily

Newly released video captures a luxury superyacht being battered by a violent storm before it suddenly sank off Sicily with 22 people aboard Monday.

The grainy images obtained by NBC News and other outlets were recorded on closed-circuit television not far from where the Bayesian was anchored, about a half-mile from the port of Porticello, on Sicily’s northern coast .

The yacht's 250-foot mast, illuminated with lights and lashed by the storm, appears to bend to one side before it finally disappears and is replaced by darkness.

The speed with which a yacht built to handle the roughest seas capsized stunned maritime experts.  

“I can’t remember the last time I read about a vessel going down quickly like that, you know, completely capsizing and going down that quickly, a vessel of that nature, a yacht of that size,” said Stephen Richter of SAR Marine Consulting.

British tech tycoon Mike Lynch and five of the 22 other people who were aboard the 184-foot vessel remain unaccounted for and are believed to be trapped in the Bayesian’s hull, nearly 170 feet underwater.

Officials confirmed Monday that at least one person, the ship’s cook, had died.  

Superyachts like the Bayesian, which had been available for charters at a rate of $215,000 a week, are designed to stay afloat even as they are taking on water to give the people aboard a chance to escape, Richter said. 

“Boats of this size, they’re taking passengers on an excursion or a holiday,” Richter said. “They are not going to put them in situations where it may be dangerous or it may be uncomfortable, so this storm that popped up was obviously an anomaly. These vessels that carry passengers, they’re typically very well-maintained, very well-appointed.”

Built by Italian shipbuilder Perini Navi in 2008, the U.K.-registered Bayesian could carry 12 guests and a crew of up to 10, according to online specialist yacht sites. Its nearly 250-foot mast is the tallest aluminum sailing mast in the world, according to CharterWorld Luxury Yacht Charters. 

On Tuesday, Italian rescue workers resumed the search for Lynch and the five other passengers still missing: Lynch’s 18-year-old daughter, Hannah; Morgan Stanley International Chairman Jonathan Bloomer and his wife; and Clifford Chance lawyer Chris Morvillo and his wife.

“The fear is that the bodies got trapped inside the vessel,” Salvatore Cocina, the head of civil protection in Sicily, told Reuters .

The Bayesian is owned by a firm linked to Lynch’s wife, Angela Bacares, who was one of the 15 people rescued Monday after it capsized.

“It’s extremely rare for a boat of this size to sink,” Richter said.

What’s not rare is the kind of storm that sank it , said Simon Boxall, senior lecturer in oceanography at Britain’s University of Southampton.

“People assume the Mediterranean is this rather calm and passive place that never gets storms and always blue skies,” Boxall said. “In fact, you get some quite horrendous storms that are not uncommon at this time of year.”

The president of Italy’s meteorological society has said Monday’s violent storm may have involved a waterspout, essentially a tornado over water, or a downburst, which occurs more frequently but doesn’t involve the rotation of the air.

Luca Mercalli, president of the Italian Meteorology Society, also said recent temperatures may have been a factor. 

“The sea surface temperature around Sicily was around 30 degrees Celsius [86 Fahrenheit], which is almost 3 degrees more than normal,” Mercalli told Reuters. “This creates an enormous source of energy that contributes to these storms.”

The Mediterranean sailing vacation was designed to be a celebration for Lynch, who two months ago was acquitted by a San Francisco jury of fraud charges stemming from the 2011 sale of his software company Autonomy to Hewlett-Packard for $11 billion.

Prosecutors alleged that Lynch, dubbed “Britain’s Bill Gates,” and Autonomy’s vice president for finance, Stephen Chamberlain, had padded the firm’s finances ahead of the sale. Lynch’s lawyers argued that HP was so eager to acquire Autonomy that it failed to adequately check the books .

Lynch had taken Morvill, who was one of his defense attorneys, on the luxury trip. 

Chamberlain was not on the Bayesian.

In what appears to be a tragic coincidence, a car struck and killed Chamberlain on Saturday as he was jogging in a village about 68 miles north of London, local police said.

“Steve fought successfully to clear his good name at trial earlier this year, and his good name now lives on through his wonderful family,” Chamberlain’s lawyer, Gary Lincenberg, said in a statement .

Henry Austin reported from London and Corky Siemaszko from New York City.

Henry Austin is a senior editor for NBC News Digital based in London.

Corky Siemaszko is a senior reporter for NBC News Digital.

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Top 5 Must-Visit Destinations on a Sailing Cruise from St. Petersburg, FL

Discover the best places to visit on a sailing cruise from Treasure Island, FL. Explore these breathtaking destinations, including John’s Pass Sandbar, and make your trip unforgettable!

Sunset Sailing Around Treasure Island: Your Guide to Choosing the Perfect Boat

There’s nothing quite like watching the sun dip below the horizon while out on the water. If you’re looking for a perfect way to spend an afternoon or evening in Treasure Island, sailing is an excellent option. With a number of different companies offering sunset sails, it can be tough to know which one to…

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Lynch Yacht Sinking Off Sicily Proves as Baffling as It Is Tragic

As bodies were recovered, the authorities and experts wondered how a $40 million, stable and secure vessel could have sunk so quickly.

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By Emma Bubola and Michael J. de la Merced

Emma Bubola reported from Porticello, Italy, and Michael J. de la Merced from London.

Two months after being cleared in a bruising legal battle over fraud charges, the British tech mogul Mike Lynch celebrated his freedom with a cruise. He invited his family, friends and part of his legal team on board his luxury sailing yacht, a majestic 180-foot vessel named Bayesian after the mathematical theorem around which he had built his empire.

On Sunday night, after a tour of the Gulf of Naples, including Capri, and volcanic islands in the Eolian archipelago, the boat anchored half a mile off the Sicilian coast in Porticello, Italy. It chose a stretch of water favored by the Phoenicians thousands of years ago for its protection from the mistral wind and, in more recent times, by the yachts of tech billionaires. The boat was lit “like a Christmas tree,” local residents said, standing out against the full moon.

But about 4 a.m., calamity unfolded. A violent and fast storm hit the area with some of the strongest winds locals said they had ever felt. Fabio Cefalù, a fisherman, said he saw a flare pierce the darkness shortly after 4.

Minutes later, the yacht was underwater. Only dozens of cushions from the boat’s deck and a gigantic radar from its mast floated on the surface of the sea, fishermen said.

In all, 22 people were on board, 15 of whom were rescued. Six bodies — five passengers and the ship’s cook — had been recovered by Thursday afternoon, including that of Mr. Lynch, an Italian government official said, adding that the search was continuing for his daughter.

It was a tragic and mystifying turn of events for Mr. Lynch, 59, who had spent years seeking to clear his name and was finally inaugurating a new chapter in his life. Experts wondered how a $40 million yacht, so robust and stable could have been sunk by a storm near a port within minutes.

“It drives me insane,” said Giovanni Costantino, the chief executive of the Italian Sea Group, which in 2022 bought the company, Perini, that made the Bayesian. “Following all the proper procedures, that boat is unsinkable.”

The aura of misfortune only deepened when it emerged that Stephen Chamberlain, 52, a former vice president of finance for Mr. Lynch’s former company and a co-defendant in the fraud case, was killed two days earlier, when he was hit by a car while jogging near his house in England.

Since June, the two men had been in a jubilant mood. A jury in San Francisco had acquitted both on fraud charges that could have sent them to prison for two decades. There were hugs and tears, and they and their legal teams went for a celebratory dinner party at a restaurant in the city, said Gary S. Lincenberg, a lawyer for Mr. Chamberlain.

The sea excursion was meant as a thank-you by Mr. Lynch to those who had helped him in his legal travails. Among the guests was Christopher J. Morvillo, 59, a scion of a prominent New York family of lawyers who had represented Mr. Lynch for 12 years. He and his wife, Neda, 57, were among the missing.

So, too, was Jonathan Bloomer, 70, a veteran British insurance executive who chaired Morgan Stanley International and the insurer Hiscox.

The body of the ship’s cook, Recaldo Thomas, was recovered. All the other crew members survived. Among them was Leo Eppel, 19, of South Africa, who was on his first yacht voyage working as a deck steward, said a friend, who asked not to be identified.

Since the sinking, the recovery effort and investigation have turned the tiny port town of Porticello, a quiet enclave where older men sit bare-chested on balconies, into what feels like the set of a movie.

Helicopters have flown overhead. Ambulances have sped by with the sirens blaring. The Coast Guard has patrolled the waters off shore, within sight of a cordoned-off dock that had been turned into an emergency headquarters.

On Wednesday afternoon, a church bell tolled after the first body bag was loaded into an ambulance, a crowd watching in silence.

The survivors were sheltering in a sprawling resort near Porticello, with a view of the shipwreck spot, and had so far declined to comment.

Attilio Di Diodato, director of the Italian Air Force’s Center for Aerospace Meteorology and Climatology, said that the yacht had most likely been hit by a fierce “down burst” — when air generated within a thunderstorm descends rapidly — or by a waterspout , similar to a tornado over water.

He added that his agency had put out rough-sea warnings the previous evening, alerting sailors about storms and strong winds. Locals said the winds “felt like an earthquake.”

Mr. Costantino, the boat executive, said the yacht had been specifically designed for having a tall mast — the second-tallest aluminum mast in the world. He said the Bayesian was an extremely safe and secure boat that could list even to 75 degrees without capsizing.

But he said that if some of the hatches on the side and in the stern, or some of the deck doors, had been open, the boat could have taken on water and sunk. Standard procedure in such storms, he said, is to switch on the engine, lift the anchor and turn the boat into the wind, lowering the keel for extra stability, closing doors and gathering the guests in the main hall inside the deck.

12 guests occupied the yacht’s six cabins. There were also 10 crew members.

Open hatches, doors and cabin windows could have let in water during a storm, according to the manufacturer.

Open hatches, doors and

cabin windows could

have let in water

during a storm,

according to the

manufacturer.

Source: Superyacht Times, YachtCharterFleet, MarineTraffic

By Veronica Penney

The New York Times attempted to reach the captain, James Cutfield, who had survived, for comment through social media, his brother and the management company of the yacht (which did not hire the crew), but did not make contact.

So far none of the surviving crew members have made a public statement about what happened that night.

Fabio Genco, the director of Palermo’s emergency services, who treated some of the survivors, said that the victims had recounted feeling as if the boat was being lifted, then suddenly dropped, with objects from the cabins falling on them.

The Italian Coast Guard said it had deployed a remotely operated vehicle that can prowl underwater for up to seven hours at a depth of more than 980 feet and record videos and images that they hoped would help them reconstruct the dynamics of the sinking. Such devices were used during the search and rescue operations of the Titan vessel that is believed to have imploded last summer near the wreckage of the Titanic.

After rescuers broke inside the yacht, they struggled to navigate the ropes and many pieces of furniture cluttering the vessel, said Luca Cari, a spokesman for Italy’s national firefighter corps.

Finally, as of Thursday morning, they had managed to retrieve all but one of the missing bodies, and hopes of finding the missing person alive were thin. “Can a human being be underwater for two days?” Mr. Cari asked.

What was certain was that Mr. Lynch’s death was yet another cruel twist of fate for a man who had spent years seeking to clear his name.

He earned a fortune in technology and was nicknamed Britain’s Bill Gates. But for more than a decade, he had been treated as anything but a respected tech leader.

He was accused by Hewlett-Packard, the American technological pioneer that had bought his software company, Autonomy, for $11 billion, of misleading it about his company’s worth. (Hewlett-Packard wrote down the value of the transaction by about $8.8 billion, and critics called it one of the worst deals of all time .) He had been increasingly shunned by the British establishment that he sought to break into after growing up working-class outside London.

He was extradited to San Francisco to face criminal charges, and confined to house arrest and 24-hour surveillance on his dime. In a townhouse in the Pacific Heights neighborhood — with security people he jokingly told associates were his “roommates” — he spent his mornings talking with researchers whom he funded personally on new applications for artificial intelligence. Afterward, he devoted hours to discussing legal strategy with his team.

Despite his persistent claims of innocence, even those close to Mr. Lynch had believed his odds of victory were slim. Autonomy’s chief financial officer, Sushovan Hussain, was convicted in 2018 of similar fraud charges and spent five years in prison.

During Mr. Lynch’s house arrest, his brother and mother died. His wife, Angela Bacares, frequently flew over from England, and she became a constant presence in the San Francisco courtroom during the trial.

After he was finally acquitted, Mr. Lynch had his eye on the future. “I am looking forward to returning to the U.K. and getting back to what I love most: my family and innovating in my field,” he said.

Elisabetta Povoledo contributed reporting from Pallanza, Italy.

Emma Bubola is a Times reporter based in Rome. More about Emma Bubola

Michael J. de la Merced has covered global business and finance news for The Times since 2006. More about Michael J. de la Merced

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Let your journey begin with Sailicity with all-inclusive sailing experiences. We foster the spirit of sailing and craft personalized and unique voyages tailored to discriminating guests. Tell us where you want to go, and we will plan the rest. We partner with an array of dynamic fleets designed to combine luxury lifestyle and the travel freedom of a memorable sailing experience. We have the privilege to provide guests with alternative social gatherings by hosting socially distant events on the sea, making all feel safe and exclusive.

Our Charter Concierge will craft private charters from half-day, weekend, or up to 14-day voyages. We have multiple types of charters; that sail anywhere in Florida along the Atlantic coast in the spring and fall with our Summer base in New England and our Winter Home in the Caribbean. Sailicity’s concierge service removes the headaches of planning and will take care of all the small details with industry-leading experts.

Our mission is to provide you the sailing experience of your dream. Make an appointment to speak to a Charter Concierge at no cost.

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Your Charter Concierge will help you create an experience you and your family will never forget. Celebrating a special occasion? Take the family on vacation? Explore incredible sights you can only see by water? We are here to help!

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We amplified the concept of micro weddings with the creation of Weddings on the Water. Our venue focuses on personalized details for a brief ceremony at anchor for the bride and groom and up to 10 additional guests. 

We will provide wedding planning services, coordinating Florist, Videographer, Photographer, and Caterers to create a memorable experience. The Ceremony can be followed by cruises to resort destinations around Florida’s Gulf.

It took years of planning and effort to get to this point in your life.  There is no better way to celebrate and say thank you to the people who helped you get here. Your day has come, and we strive to meet all your expectations when planning your retirement holiday. 

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We will suggest menu options and provision for day cruises for up to 12 guests or overnight retreats for up to three couples. It can be the most memorable celebration of life.   Birthday yacht charters originate from the Vinoy Marina in St. Petersburg, FL, or Key Bight in Key West.

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The possibilities are endless! Our beautiful Bali Catamarans are always based at ports during high season in the region. Our Concierge Service will help you plan your sailing adventure and build itineraries that are all about you.

A bareboat charter or demise charter is an arrangement for the chartering or hiring of a ship or boat, whereby no crew or provisions are included as part of the agreement; instead, the people who rent the vessel from the owner are responsible for taking care of such things. We are happy to arrange bareboat charters for qualified sailors who choose to go it alone. However, our specialty is to help you connect with knowledgeable captains and competent crew members to enhance your sailing experience by organizing your provisioning, planning your sailing itineraries, helping you manage meals and the galley and keeping you safe during your sailing adventure. Learn More .

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Prada's Patrizio Bertelli on His Sailing Ambitions for the Luna Rossa Project at the America's Cup

According to Britannica, the definition of passion is "a strong feeling of enthusiasm or excitement for something or about doing something." This description perfectly describes Patrizio Bertelli 's never-abated gusto for sailing and his ambition to win the America's Cup - although he contends it's persistence rather than passion that is "the true motor."

For the past 25 years Bertelli has been investing in the Luna Rossa project to the tune of hundreds of millions of dollars, building increasingly technologically advanced sailboats and contributing to shaping the history of the prestigious competition.

The latest iteration of the Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli AC75 foiling monohull was christened in April in the Sardinian town of Cagliari by his wife, designer Miuccia Prada, as is the tradition. The boat is set to compete in the 37th edition of the  America's Cup  sailing race, which is taking place between Aug. 22 and Oct. 27 in Barcelona.

Decked in a metallic "Metal K"-colored livery, the AC75 marks the 10th Luna Rossa America's Cup hull unveiled since the first boat in 1999.

Built at the Persico Marine shipyard in Nembro, Italy, the sailboat, made of pre-preg carbon fiber, required 70,000 hours of work by 35 boat builders. It is equipped with a 25.6-meter mast with a soft wing comprising two twin mainsails and a headsail made of carbon and Dyneema.

At the time of the christening , Bertelli, chairman of the Prada luxury group and president of Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli, said the boat has "become an iconic name in sailing worldwide" and that he had accomplished the goal "to create a team of extraordinary technicians and sailors capable of shaping the future of sport in our country and leaving a legacy for future generations."

The upcoming America's Cup will mark Luna Rossa's seventh challenge, but sixth race. The team withdrew from the competition in 2015 after disagreeing with the overturning of rules that had been unanimously adopted the previous year by the then-Cup holder the Oracle Team of the U.S., which was owned by Larry Ellison. The Oracle team eventually lost the America's Cup to the New Zealand team.

This year, five challengers in the Louis Vuitton Cup regattas - Ineos Britannia, Alinghi Red Bull Racing, Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli, NYYC American Magic and Orient Express Racing - will battle it out on the water to win the right to face off against defender Emirates Team New Zealand for the Louis Vuitton 37th America's Cup Barcelona.

The Luna Rossa team was established in 1997 by Bertelli with the original name of "Prada Challenge for the America's Cup 2000." The team won the Louis Vuitton Cup in 2000, with a record of 38 victories over 49 races. It also competed in 2003 and in 2007, when it reached the Louis Vuitton Cup final.

Luna Rossa won the most recent Challenger Selection Series, the Prada Cup, in 2021 but  lost to contender  Emirates Team New Zealand, which succeeded in defending the 36th America's Cup with a 7-to-3 victory over Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli, wrecking the latter's ambitions to take the trophy home.

Here, Bertelli explains why the America's Cup continues to hold his interest, reveals his expectations for this year and talks about the lessons learned through the different stages of the competition.

WWD: Beyond your passion for sailing, what moves you to continue to invest in Luna Rossa and in the America's Cup? When did you first think you wanted to participate once again?

Patrizio Bertelli: After the last edition in Auckland [New Zealand] I immediately said we would continue even without knowing at the time where the next challenge would take place. The Cup fascinates me because it's a difficult, complex project that requires to develop a team of highly professional individuals super specialized in many different sectors that know how to unite and work together in harmony for a long period of time at a pace that is very intense. It's a difficult structure to set up but even more to manage.

WWD: How does this reflect on you personally and what did you learn over the years from the past experiences?

P.B.: Since the first launch in Punta Ala [Tuscany], 25 years have passed and the enthusiasm is the same. As [Sir] Peter Blake wrote in the foreword to the first "Luna Rossa" book [on the 30 th America's Cup in 2000] it is the difficulty to win that makes the America's Cup so unique. Time is not important, it's necessary to have the courage to continue to try and not give up. This curious and strange game requires  persistence to reach the objective and it is the difficulty that gives meaning to the challenge. Passion has nothing to do with it, persistence is the true motor and behind this obstinacy is all the technological research that over these past years brought an enormous development to the world of sailing and repercussions also on daily sailing. It's a continuous challenge where you learn something every day.

WWD: How does all this affect Prada and the brand's products?

P.B .: There wouldn't be enough time to explore this in this interview, I would rather go back to talk about Luna Rossa.

WWD: How has Luna Rossa changed and how has the project changed over the years?

P.B.: Everything has changed if we look at all the challenges we took part in. In the first three challenges we sailed with the traditional IACC [International America's Cup Class yachts], which today seem almost prehistoric where the team was engaged in changes of sails at every lap and the regattas were stretched on for hours. Then the era of catamarans started with the 34th edition in San Francisco, fast boats with winged masts and rigid sails similar to wings of airplanes. Now from the last Cup, in 2020, we sail with flying boats that travel at more than 40 knots and that have only the helm and the lateral foils in the water. You don't change the sails, the regattas are very fast, they last around half an hour, and tactics and strategies have been revolutionized. The regatta field is limited by virtual boundaries, so it's entirely another story. But this is the America's Cup, the most advanced expression of this sport.

WWD: Some sponsors have also changed, and Oakley for example has joined as the new technical performance partner. Can you tell us abut the relationship with those who believe in the project with you, including skipper and team director Max Sirena?

P.B.: Our storied sponsor Pirelli has stayed on and I think the relationship with Marco Tronchetti [Provera, executive vice president of Pirelli, the co-title sponsor of the team] is increasingly more solid. Also Panerai and Woolmark have renewed their confidence in the team because they believe in it. We have two new sponsors, Oakley and Unipol. In addition, on the sails are now the logos of UNESCO and Sea Beyond, the educational project aimed at the protection of the oceans, born from a collaboration between our group and UNESCO. Then there are the suppliers that have a fundamental role in the project and with which the relationship developed over the years has increasingly strengthened. They represent Italian excellence and have obtained global recognition also thanks to Luna Rossa. With Max the relationship is excellent and consolidated, he has all my trust.

WWD: What are your thoughts now on Luna Rossa and the team? What has impressed you the most so far and how has the team evolved in parallel with the changes of Luna Rossa?

P.B.: Ever since the first challenge in 2000 we have invested a lot in our team because I think it is fundamental to compete at these levels. We have focused on the human relations, creating a community of interests that has generated strong and close-knit relations. There have been weddings, children, people that went to other teams and then returned recognizing the human quality of the relations within our team. Naturally in 25 years many things have changed to adapt to the evolution of the challenge and especially of the boats and the technology, even if a storied nucleus is still present.

Once we had a group of more than 30 sailors because we trained with two boats and there were 16 on board.  Today they are eight - two helmers, two flight regulators and four cyclists who, pedaling, produce the energy for the functioning of all the systems aboard. Instead, the design team has increased exponentially with the evolution of the boats and the systems. We have inserted AI, mechatronics and simulators.

The shore team has also changed. Today there is a true dockyard within the base, where we have realized both the hull for the LEQ 12 [less than or equal to 12 meters] training, the masts of Luna Rossa and many other parts of the boat.

WWD: How do you think this evolution will impact the sailing world?

P.B.: The impact is already visible on daily sailing. Today if you don't have a foil, from the sailing boards on, you are a "nobody." I think this course has been very fascinating for the new generations who find an added pleasure in speed.

WWD: What do you think about the other teams?

P.B.: It's premature and I don't like to talk about others. Surely they are all very well-prepared also because if you think you are not, it's best to give up. It is a very cynical competition because you work for years and then only one of us challengers will acquire the right to participate in the America's Cup against the New Zealanders.

WWD: Do you think you will be present in Barcelona for the whole time? What are your expectations?

WWD: Do you continue to sail?

P.B.: Certainly, whenever I can, I like to stay on the open sea and navigate.

WWD: I know you collect boats; can you tell us about this?

P.B.: It's a great passion, I very much enjoy it. I am fascinated by the restoration phase. We try to safeguard as much as possible the originality of the construction and return the original beauty and function to the boats. I also very much like to race with them. Today, modern boats require professional crews who need to be very well-prepared athletically. Instead, vintage boats allow me to race and have fun with a team of friends led by [Olympic Brazilian sailor] Torben Grael.

This year, we were gratified by winning both the 12 mR Pre-Worlds at Saint-Tropez as well as the 12 mR World Championship in Porquerolles [France] with Kookaburra II, a world championship we won twice before with Nyala and once with Kiwi Magic KZ 7.

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Could Open Hatches or a Large Mast Have Contributed to Sicily Yacht Sinking? What We Know So Far

Questions remain about what exactly led a large luxury yacht to seemingly sink in minutes off the coast of Sicily

Abigail Adams is a Human Interest Writer and Reporter for PEOPLE. She has been working in journalism for seven years.

Lo Bianco/Anadolu via Getty

As the search for the missing continues , questions remain about what exactly led a large luxury yacht to seemingly sink in minutes off the coast of Sicily — and investigators are still looking for answers more than 48 hours later.

There were 22 people on board when the  Bayesian , a 183-foot vessel, sank around 5 a.m. local time on Monday, Aug. 19, off the coast of Porticello, the Italian coast guard said in a statement that was previously obtained by PEOPLE.

In the aftermath of the tragedy, 15 people were rescued, according to the coast guard. Six people were declared missing after the yacht sank — and five bodies have since been found in the wreckage — while a body was also separately retrieved near the vessel and later identified as chef Recaldo Thomas.

One theory is that the boat capsized after being struck by a waterspout (which refers to a tornado over the water), though there may have been more factors at play that contributed to the sinking. 

Jonathan Brady/PA Images via Getty Images

"The dynamics aren't clear — lightning, mini tornado, water spout, it's not clear exactly what happened," one person close to the search efforts tells PEOPLE. "The most likely hypothesis is that the cause was indeed a tornado that began at land and then sped out off coast and became a waterspout at sea with a speed of more than [180 miles] per hour, to the point that it managed to practically sink the ship whilst causing minimum damage to both the mast and the hull."

"Eyewitnesses said the boat went down in minutes," this person adds.

The source says the vessel’s upper hatches could have been open at the time of the disaster, which would have caused the boat to quickly fill up with water. The source also says that large amounts of water may have flowed onto the ship through the hatches as the vessel rocked back and forth during the storm.

“This would be the only thing that could cause the hull to rear up which, as several survivors told the investigators, made the ship sink in literally 60 seconds​​​​​​​​​​​​​​,” the source says.

Never miss a story — sign up for PEOPLE's free daily newsletter to stay up-to-date on the best of what PEOPLE has to offer, from celebrity news to compelling human interest stories.

The boat’s 236-foot mast may also have also played a role in allowing the boat to rock, similar to a pendulum.

Speaking with the BBC , Matthew Schanck, chair of the Maritime Search and Rescue Council, said that the large mast may have acted more like a sail during the strong winds.

As for whether it broke, Karsten Borner, a captain on a nearby boat who saw what happened and helped rescue survivors , told an Italian newspaper that he did see the mast "bend and then snap," according to the BBC .

"The evidence that we are getting from the divers is the vessel is basically intact, lying on its side reportedly," Schanck, the chair of the outside search and rescue council, said while speaking with the BBC. "If the mast was broken, that would be a significant thing that would be reported."

 ALBERTO PIZZOLI/AFP via Getty Images

 Another factor that could have caused the yacht to lose stability was its movable keel, which is an underwater blade designed to help keep boats upright and prevent them from swaying back and forth, the source close to the investigation tells PEOPLE. They say that the 30-foot keel was allegedly retracted to about 13 feet when the storm hit, while natural experts say it would have been strange to retract the keel at that location if the crew knew bad weather was approaching.

Speaking with USA Today , meteorologist Rick Shema said that while the waterspout "was an uncommon occurrence" that "these things happen, especially in warmer water."

Schema went on to note that on the day the ship sank, the water was about 3 degrees hotter than on average, which can likely be attributed to climate change.

One person still remains missing as crews continue to investigate the fatal incident, a source close to the investigation previously told PEOPLE.

The six people who disappeared after the storm are British entrepreneur Mike Lynch and his daughter Hannah, New York City-based lawyer Christopher Morvillo and his wife, Neda, as well as Morgan Stanley International chairman Jonathan Bloomer and his wife, Judy.

Authorities have not confirmed the identities of the five victims already removed from the wreckage. 

Search efforts are ongoing, officials say, including inspection of the wreck. 

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