northman yachts northman maxus 35

Maxus 35 : New competitor in the ten-metre class tested

Michael Good

 ·  28.01.2024

Similar, but not the same: this is the competition

Maxus 35 with advantages and disadvantages below deck, the measured values for testing the maxus 35, the maxus 35 in detail, equipment and prices, yacht rating.

On show at Boot Düsseldorf in Hall 15, Stand B 40

Just under ten metres long and three and a half metres wide. Roughly speaking, these are the dimensions of boats that many sailors want - even those who would like to become one. Even beginners can cope well with the manageable size, a mooring is easier to find and, in addition to the purchase costs, the operating costs are also kept within limits. There is also a wide range of sizes on offer, from family cruisers with up to three cabins for weekends and holidays to elegant daysailers and sporty regatta boats.

Ten metres is also a format to which the large series manufacturers pay particular attention and always have done. In this attractive category of cruising boats, it is not just about high unit numbers, but above all about attracting new customers and those switching to the brand and retaining them for larger models. For the manufacturers, this means Building boats that meet the high demands of an accurately comparative clientele on the one hand and represent the typical brand values on the other. So it's no wonder that leading manufacturers such as Bavaria, Beneteau, Dufour, Hanse and Jeanneau are meeting demand with up-to-date and competitive models and revising their programmes at short intervals.

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And, of course, pricing plays an important role. The ten-metre class is exposed to fierce competition, which only the large and powerful series producers can face. Smaller manufacturers hardly dare to tackle the format - for good reasons. The exception is now the Northman shipyard in Poland, which is venturing into the competitive market with a new Maxus 35. In return, it can look forward to coveted support; the new boat has been nominated for European Yacht of the Year 2024.

The design comes from the D&S Yacht Design office (Jacek Daszkiewicz and Krzysztof Smaga), which has previously worked for Northman Shipyard, including on their motorboat programme. A striking feature of the Maxus 35 is the rather hard upturned hull in the aft section and the raised bow. Overall, the freeboard is significantly higher at the front than at the rear over the entire length of the hull, which characterises the appearance. The design of the high cabin superstructure, which is pulled far forward and has a continuous window strip in the style of a deck saloon yacht, is also unique. The new Maxus 35 is striking, not elegant, a matter of taste.

Production method and rig structure

L-keels with a draught of 1.95 metres and 1.50 metres are available for the boat, and the shipyard can also offer two chine keels as an alternative, with the option of falling dry and easy parking on land. At Northman, the decks and hulls are built by hand from GRP. The hull is a full laminate, the deck a sandwich construction with a foam core.

The rig is supplied by the French company Sparcraft. The mast with two spreaders and the shrouds connected directly to the outside of the hull is quite far forward in comparison. This means that the J dimension, i.e. the distance from the forestay jib to the mast, remains relatively short. Although a self-tacking jib is offered by the shipyard as an option, it makes little sense in this case because the sail area would be very small. The standard is therefore a genoa with an overlap of around 106 per cent, with a hollow point on deck to the side of the cabin superstructure. But even in this case, the size of the headsail remains rather modest with a share of only 41 per cent of the total sail area on the wind. The sail carrying capacity is 4.1, making the Maxus 35 a pure cruising boat without great performance potential.

The boat is noticeably under-rigged in light winds

During the YACHT test off La Rochelle in western France, the boat struggled to get going quickly in the initially light wind. The boat initially appears sluggish downwind and noticeably under-rigged. A rollable Code Zero would be a good choice for use on inland waterways where there is little wind. However, the Maxus 35 is already equipped with a fairly long bow nose with a water stay, to which a gennaker can also be attached.

However, with increasing wind in the YACHT test, the Maxus 35 still gets moving well. At ten knots, the Polish yacht is already travelling quite well, logging 5.5 knots at an angle of 45 degrees to the true wind direction. For a pure touring boat with no sporting ambitions, the performance values are well within the appropriate range. However, it should be mentioned that the test boat has been upgraded with better, dimensionally stable sails made of laminated material, which should have provided a performance boost. As standard, the Maxus 35 is supplied with a simple Dacron upwind wardrobe.

With more heel, the underwater appendages also provide a light, pleasant rudder pressure, making it easy to steer the yacht optimally on the windward edge. The high-quality steering system from Jefa operates the quadrant of the single rudder from both steering columns with a continuous cable. Although this does not provide redundancy, the entire steering mechanism is easily accessible through a flap in the cockpit floor, making it easier to rectify a fault in an emergency. A very good and well thought-out installation.

Active trimming possible

The mainsheet is run via a sheet triangle in front of the companionway, a very simple and equally good solution because the main boom can be trimmed to the centre of the ship without much sheet pull. As with the test boat, the mainsheet can be split and deflected back into the cockpit on both sides via the mast foot (German Cupper System). In this case, the shipyard installs a second pair of secondary winches on the aft cockpit coaming so that the helmsman can reach the mainsheet directly on both sides. This arrangement is only available as an option and is recommended for sailors who like to trim actively or who often sail single-handed. In the standard version, the mainsheet is operated via the halyard winches on the roof to the side of the companionway.

Incidentally, the equipment is of a pleasingly high quality and very generously dimensioned right from the start. Northman only installs fittings from premium manufacturer Harken on its 35s in the Maxus line. The self-tailing 40 mm winches are large enough to handle the load of the sheets without any problems, even without electric drives, which are available as an option.

All boats in the competition in the ten-metre class have the two or three-cabin layout in common. There is also a toilet room and galley. The Maxus 35 is no exception to the competition in terms of its general layout. What sets it apart, however, is the wide technical channel between the aft cabins and the forecastle.

The central area in the extension of the engine room is ideal for additional technical installations. The diesel tank and the mechanics of the control system are also installed there. The disadvantage: the width of the berth in the aft cabin is greatly reduced. At shoulder height, the berth is just 1.17 metres wide, which is clearly too narrow for two adults. This means that only one person can sleep comfortably in the aft cabin. On the other hand, the forward berth offers plenty of space for double occupancy, even if the berth is built very far into the bow and is just 36 centimetres wide at the feet. However, the length of the sunbathing area of 2.10 metres puts this into perspective. An adult can also sleep comfortably on the port side in the saloon. The sofa on the opposite side is slightly shorter, but can still be used as a bunk for a child.

In the standard twin-cabin, the already very generously planned wet room aft is extended by a separate shower compartment. In addition, you can reach the large locker in the bathroom through a watertight hatch. If the boat is equipped with a total of three cabins, both the large aft storage space and the separate shower compartment are of course omitted.

The fit-out standard is better than average

The interior components not only look very robust, but are also well and harmoniously installed. This includes the fact that the cut edges of all wooden parts are beautifully sanded and additionally sealed. The technical elements on board for the power and water circuits are also perfectly and clearly installed and are also very easy to access. All in all, the Maxus 35 surprises with an exemplary, solid and high-quality finish and even outperforms its competitors from the larger product series in this respect.

Nevertheless, there is also criticism. For example, the companionway is very narrow and steep and therefore difficult to walk on. This is mainly because the sliding hatch can only be opened to a limited extent. Anyone going in and out here has to be able to bend over and put their head down. The ventilation options in the boat could also be better. In the saloon in particular, the only options are the hatch in the deck and the companionway.

Maxus 35 is priced in the mid-range

With a base price of around 160,000 euros, the Maxus 35 is positioned roughly in the middle of the price range within the competitive environment. A fair price considering the good, high-quality and also quite extensive basic equipment from the shipyard. By the way: The flagship of the Northman shipyard is available under the name Maxus 34 in a greatly reduced version and for a basic price of just under 115,000 euros. In this version as a daysailer for inland waters, the boat comes without an engine, with a significantly simpler interior and reduced basic equipment. The 34 is also available as a centreboard or as a lifting keel with flexible draught.

With the new Maxus 35, Northman is positioning a boat that is a strong competitor for established brands and does not need to shy away from comparison. The boat will be on show as a novelty at the boot trade fair in Düsseldorf in January 2024. Anyone interested in the ten-metre class should definitely take a look at the Maxus there.

Technical data of the Maxus 35

• Designer: D&S Yacht Design
• CE design category: A
• Torso length: 9,96 m
• Total length: 10,68 m
• Waterline length: 9,60 m
• Width: 3,40 m
• Deep draught fixed keel: 1,95/1,50 m
• Mast height: 14,0 m
• Theor. torso speed: 7.5 kn
• Weight: 6,3 t
• Ballast/proportion: 1,80 t/28 %
• Mainsail: 34,30 m2
• Furling genoa (106 %): 24,20 m²
• Gennaker: 60,0 m²
• machine (Yanmar): 21 kW/29 hp
• Fuel tank (PVC): 54 l
• Fresh water tanks (PVC): 170 l
• Holding tank (PVC): 50

Hull and deck construction

Hull: GRP full laminate with hand lay-up. Deck: GRP sandwich laminate in hand lay-up with Airex foam core. Laminated with polyester resin

• Base price ex shipyard: 160.530 €
• Standard equipment included : sails, engine, sheets, railing, navigation lights, battery, compass, sails, cushions, galley/cooker, bilge pump, toilet, sailcloth (lazybags), fire extinguisher, electric coolbox
• For an extra charge: Anchor with chain € 1,655, fender/mooring € 490, holding tank with suction € 1,300, antifouling € 2,380, clear sailing handover € 1,500
• Price ready to sail: 2167.855 €
• Guarantee/against osmosis: 2/2 years

Surcharge for comfort equipment

• Hole points: incl.
• Traveller with line guide: n. raised.
• Electric windlass: 1.330 €
• Tube kicker: 650 €
• Backstay tensioner: incl.
• Jumping cleats: incl.
• Sprayhood: 6.190 €
• Teak in the cockpit: 6.000 €
• VHF radio: 1.010 €
• Log and echo sounder: E-package
• Wind measuring system: E-package
• Electrical package: 2.400 €
• Autopilot: 4.225 €
• Charger: 1.190 €
• Shore connection with RCD: incl.
• 230 volt socket (one): 130 €
• 12-volt socket in the sat nav: incl.
• Heating: 5.760 €
• Pressurised water system: incl.
• Hot water boiler: incl.
• Shower WC room: incl.
• Cockpit shower: 870 €
• Comfort price 2: 197.610 €

Included in the price:

Folding cockpit table on both sides, stainless steel swim ladder, laminated bow platform, traveller for self-tacking jib, real glass panoramic window

From the shipyard, the Maxus 35 will be equipped with an aluminium rig with two Sparcraft spreaders. The shipyard offers a mast-laying device as an option

A simple Dacron wardrobe (genoa and main) is supplied as standard. Better sails like those on the test boat and a gennaker or code zero are available from the shipyard

Motorisation

Built-in diesel from Yanmar (3YM30) with Saildrive, optionally with shaft drive. An electric drive is possible as a variant from the manufacturer

AGM batteries in the standard configuration. 1x 75 Ah (starter battery), 1x 180 Ah (service)

Northman Shipyard, Wegorzewo (Poland); www.northman.pl

Distribution

Sportboothandel M. Johannsen; 04509 Delitzsch; www.brodauer-bootshaus.de

The Maxus 35 complements and enriches the well-stocked class by ten metres hull length with a strong, functional overall package. The quality of workmanship and finish is impressive, and the price is acceptable.

Design and concept

• + Coherent overall concept
• + Very robust construction
• - Short J-measure, jib too small
• - Looks take some getting used to

Sailing performance and trim

• + Sails balanced in windy conditions
• + Single-handed as an option
• + Functioning layout
• - Under-rigged in light winds

Living and finishing quality

• + Beautifully built interior
• + Wet room with shower possible
• - Aft berth very narrow
• - Decline restricted

Equipment and technology

• + Control perfectly accessible
• + Good equipment ex shipyard
• + Perfectly installed technology
• - Few ventilation options

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Maxus 35: Redefining Sport Cruiser Expectations with Northman Shipyard

Northman Shipyard has been building yachts over 33 feet since 2007. The inaugural yacht in this category, the Maxus 33, debuted in 2007, marking the inception of a line that has since garnered acclaim within the sailing community. Following its introduction, the Maxus 33 underwent a comprehensive redesign in 2011, resulting in the rebranded Maxus 33.1RS. In a strategic departure from previous designs, Northman Shipyard recently unveiled its latest innovation, the Maxus 35, marking a significant advancement in the cruiser segment.

Distinguished by its distinctive features and cruiser identity, the Maxus 35 embodies a fusion of contemporary design elements and enduring functionality. Notable highlights include expansive interiors, illuminated cabin spaces, concealed rigging mechanisms, dual steering systems, and a sleek, modern hull profile, all of which contribute to its commanding presence on the water.

Designed by the D&S Yacht Design office, comprising Jacek Daszkiewicz and Krzysztof Smaga, the Maxus 35 exhibits a distinctive hull configuration characterized by a pronounced upturned aft section and an elevated bow. This unique design imparts a heightened freeboard, particularly prominent at the bow, accentuating the vessel’s overall aesthetic appeal. Additionally, the elevated cabin superstructure, extending forward with a continuous window strip reminiscent of a deck saloon yacht, further distinguishes the Maxus 35’s design language, albeit catering to individual tastes with its bold and assertive demeanor.

The Maxus 35 offers versatility in keel configurations, with options for long and short L-shape keels, as well as alternative chine keels facilitating dry berthing and land storage. Crafted meticulously by hand using GRP materials, the hulls and decks exemplify Northman Shipyard’s commitment to quality craftsmanship and enduring durability. The mast placement, featuring two spreaders and shrouds affixed directly to the hull exterior, contributes to the vessel’s balanced performance characteristics, with a focus on sail handling and maneuverability.

Despite its emphasis on sport cruising comfort, the Maxus 35 does not compromise on interior amenities, offering configurations with two or three cabins, complemented by a dedicated shower cabin in the two-cabin layout. The interior exudes modernity, bathed in natural light, evoking a sense of tranquility and sophistication. Equipped with a fully functional kitchenette boasting induction hob, refrigerator, sink, and ample storage provisions, the Maxus 35 caters to discerning sailors seeking personalized luxury experiences.

For sailors seeking to personalize their vessel, the Northman Prestige Collection offers a range of fabric and color options, allowing owners to tailor their Maxus 35 to their unique preferences and style sensibilities.

Maxus 35 specs

Length Overall (with Folding Platform): 11,55m Length Overall (without Platform): 10,68m Hull Length: 9,96m Hull Width: 3,4m Immersion of Keel (short/long): 1,5/1,95m Sail Area: 58,5mq Engine Diesel: 29hp

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Maxus 35, an upgrade for a modern and bright cruising yacht

Northman is moving upmarket with the launch of the Maxus 35. This 10 m long sailboat offers a configuration that lends itself to ocean cruising. It introduces a panoramic roof and beautiful finishes for comfortable long-distance sailing.

The largest model of the Northman yard

The Northman shipyard specializes in habitable and transportable cruising yachts under 30 feet. It has now reached a milestone with the launch of the Maxus 35, with a hull length of 9.98 meters. This is the largest model built by the shipyard . A Maxus 33 already appeared in the range of the Polish shipyard , but too typical for the Nordic market, it was never imported into France.

A modern and bright design

This new model has modern lines and a panoramic roof with a forward view. Its vertical bow and low arch give the Maxus 35 a nice length at the waterline. The hull with evolving chines placed relatively low should ensure stability . The design team, already responsible for the particularly well finished Northman 1200 trawler , has worked on the rear water lines to optimize the wetted surface for downwind sailing and light airs.

A marine boat

The Maxus 35 is equipped with two steering wheels and 4 winches with the mainsheet in the cockpit. As an option, 6 winches can be installed with the mainsheet on the roof. It is in this configuration that the boat will be presented at the Grand Pavois in La Rochelle , in the fall of 2022. The set of sails, in AP dacron, is composed of a mainsail and a genoa. A self-tacking jib option is proposed. A Yanmar engine of 29 horsepower is installed as standard.

Three versions of appendix

Three versions of appendages are proposed: a keelboat version with a cast iron L-shaped keel with a draft of 1.95 m, a small draft version with a draft of 1.50 m and a twin keel version, very popular with Northman, which will be introduced in 2024.

An arrangement for the cruise

The cockpit offers two bench seats and plenty of storage space, as well as a folding table. The transom is open as standard and protected by a die, but can be equipped with an optional tilting platform.

Inside, two versions of layouts are offered, configurations that are perfectly suited to a family cruising program. The Maxus 35 is approved in category A for 6 persons and in category B for 8 persons. It is possible to choose between two cabins and a storage compartment or a 3-cabin version. The first configuration allows to have a bathroom with separate shower. The square opposite and the L-shaped galley on the side benefit from a headroom of 1.99 m, but above all a view on the horizon and luminosity thanks to the roof glazing.

High-end finishes

Several interior finishes are available to create a modern or more classic look: teak, natural oak or light ceruse oak. With this new model, the shipyard has taken advantage of the developments integrated into its range of trawlers to offer a model that is already well equipped as standard, and above all with very nice finishes, as Jean-Baptiste Bittard, head of Catway, the importer of the Maxus range for France, explains.

"This Maxus 35 was developed for the European market with a more upscale positioning. The panoramic roof glazing is made of tempered glass, the finishes and details are meticulous, as is the indirect lighting, the steering wheels come from Denmark and are equipped with the Jefa system."

A version for indoor water bodies

A full dinghy version named Maxus 34 will be reserved for inland waters. Different in rig, ballast and equipment, it will be more adapted to the Northern and Eastern European markets. Finally, Northman is working on the successor to the Maxus 28, whose production is now stopped.

Rate 2022 : from 139 430 euros HT

Orenburg Mennonite Settlement (Orenburg Oblast, Russia)

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Beginning of the Settlement
• 1.3 Administration, Education, Health
• 1.4 World War I and After
• 2 1990 Update
• 3 Bibliography
• 4 Cite This Article

1959 Article

Introduction.

The province of Orenburg, its capital having the same name, is located on the Ural River in Eastern European Soviet Russia . The region had an area of 47,787 square miles and a population of 1,677,013 after World War II (124,000 square kilometers and a population of 2,179,551 in 2002). The city of Orenburg (renamed Chkalov between 1938 and 1957), established in 1735, is located on the railroad from Samara (Kuibyshev) to Tashkent ; its population was 172,925 after World War II (approx. 548,800 in 2002). The population of the province consists of Russians, Bashkirs, Tatars, and many minority groups including Germans. The capital of Orenburg is a significant trading center between Asiatic and European Russia.

Beginning of the Settlement

In 1892-93 the Mennonites of the Chortitza Mennonite Settlement in the Ukraine sent a commission to the Deyev, landowning Russians, in the province of Orenburg, who had offered some land for sale. Since the commission made the visit during the winter they did not even see the land, which was located some 35-45 miles from the railroad station and about 50 miles from the city of Orenburg. The price per acre was 9 rubles. The land purchased amounted to 67,500 acres, to which 2,700 acres were added later. The purchase was made by the Chortitza Mennonite volost (administration) and the land was distributed among the landless Mennonites of the Chortitza Mennonite Settlement . Each farmer was to have not less than 110 acres and was to be exempt from payment on the land and taxes for two years. One of the Chortitza villages gave each of its families 200 rubles additional aid. The first settlers were already organized into five villages before leaving. They left on four trains from the station of Alexandrovsk (now Zaporizhia ).

The Orenburg settlement is located on the Tchuran, Uran, and Gusicha rivers. At least 25 villages were established. Karl Fast reports that there were 28 before World War II. In 1894-1897 Chortitza, Petrovka, Kantserovka, Kamenka , Deyevka , Nikolayevka, Romanovka, and Feodorovka were established. Starting in 1900 the following additional villages were established: Pretoria, Suvorovka, Dolinovka, Rodnichnoye, Dobrovka , and Kitchkas. All of these were founded by settlers from the Chortitza settlement.

Starting in 1895 the Molotschna Mennonite settlement established the following villages adjacent to the Chortitza Mennonite villages: Kubanka, Klubnikovo , Stepanovka, Aliessovo , Karaguy , Kameshevoye, Chernozernoye, Zelenoye. Additional villages were Zabangul, Lyubimovka, and Pogornoye.

The Orenburg settlement never received an "official" name. Sometimes it was known as the Deyevka Mennonite Settlement and sometimes the Orenburg Mennonite Settlement. After 1917 the settlement was known as Uran Volost.

The first years of the settlement were very difficult. Many of the settlers returned to their mother settlements. Their reports did not raise the reputation of the new settlement. Poverty, long winters, poor soil, remote markets, theft by the surrounding nomadic population, and other factors made the beginning extremely difficult. Crop failures were frequent, but the mother settlement was unable or unwilling to make the necessary loans to give the settlement a good start. The cycle of crop failures was as follows: 1901, 1906, 1911, 1916, and 1921. The worst of all was 1906, when the mother and sister settlements helped by collecting food, clothing, and money for the settlers. Feed for the livestock had to be bought in the vicinity.

In 1907-1908 many of the Orenburg Mennonite settlers joined the Mennonites from the Ukraine in establishing the Slavgorod and Pavlodar settlements in Siberia. Some of the land of those who left the Orenburg settlement was distributed among those who remained.

Gradually the economic life of the settlement became more normal. A number of minor industries were established. About five mills powered by wind and water were operated to grind the necessary flour. One of the better-known water-powered mills was operated by Jacob A. Eckert. The necessary food oil was produced in the mill operated by Johann J. Löwen. In the carpenter and smith shops the necessary furniture and tools were made and repaired. Implement and machinery stores were operated by Jacob Bergen of Klubnikovo and others. Other business enterprises were set up in the villages of Pretoria, Klubnikovo, Dobrovka, and Deyevka. After the Revolution co-operative stores were introduced.

Administration, Education, Health

The administration of the Settlement was the traditional one. Each village had a Schulze , and the Chortitza and Molotschna settlements each had an Oberschulze or Vorsteher. The Chortitza administration was responsible to the Bashkir volost in Akhmerovo, and the Molotschna villages to the Russian Abramov volost. At first the position of the Oberschulze was somewhat unique. He was not only a servant to the villages, but also to the mother settlement in the Ukraine , whose interests he had to represent since the settlement was sponsored by the Chortitza and Molotschna settlements. Later the Orenburg Settlement became more independent. Among the officeholders of the Chortitza villages at Orenburg were Dietrich Lepp, Joseph Friesen, David Froese, Anton Günther, and Isaak Penner. In 1913 under Isaak Penner the Chortitza villages received title of land ownership and thus became independent of the Chortitza Settlement. The officeholders of the Molotschna villages were Bernhard Matthies 1895-99, Abram Fast 1899-1907, and Johann Spenst 1907-17.

After the Revolution the 25 Mennonite villages were organized into an independent volost with its seat in the village of Kitchkas. H. H. Löwen became the secretary and Jacob W. Pries the Oberschulze. The volost was subdivided into smaller districts.

During and after the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Settlement underwent the same changes as other communities. In the immediate vicinity of the settlement the Bashkir and Kirghiz republics were created, the boundary between the two cutting across the Mennonite settlement. Both republics claimed the Mennonite settlement within their boundaries. The controversy between them was settled when the Bashkirs occupied the Mennonite settlement and took it over. The Mennonites were constantly open to exploitation under this arrangement until they were transferred to the Kirghiz Republic. Later developments have been the same as in the rest of Russia .

Other public activities of the settlement were the customary fire insurance, with separate divisions for the Chortitza and Molotschna villages, as well as the Waisenamt (i.e. orphanage office). Medical care was primitive in the early days. The usual midwives and bonesetters ( Knochenarzt ) took care of the basic needs. Among the midwives were Mrs. Jacob Giesbrecht and Mrs. Cornelius Kehler. Johann Braun, who settled in Orenburg in 1902, had some training and experience in the care for the sick and became known as "Dr. Braun." He did much to relieve suffering in the settlements. For a while he was assisted by Dr. Michel from St. Petersburg. After Braun's death in 1911 a Pole by the name of Yunovitch practiced medicine until the outbreak of World War I (1914). In 1922 Dr. Rudolph A. Klassen, under the sponsorship of American Mennonite Relief , served the community until he immigrated to Canada. He was succeeded by Dr. Lassmann. In 1925 the Soviet government opened a hospital in the Mennonite village of Rodnichnoye with Dr. Shostakov in charge.

The settlers established an elementary school in each village. Some of the teachers, e.g., Isaak G. Krahn , David H. Löwen, and Johann B. Mathies, had received a normal teacher's training. The annual salary of a teacher in the early days was 350-650 rubles. Some of the young boys went to the mother settlements for secondary school training. In 1919 twelve of the elementary schools had two rooms.

In 1907 a Zentralschule was established at Pretoria, a secondary school which helped to raise the educational and cultural level of the settlement. One of the outstanding leaders of the school board was P. P. Dyck. Among the teachers of this school were R. A. Riesen, Franz, F. Lehn, Dietrich J. Gossen, P. P. Sawatzky, Fr. F. Froese, P. P. Dyck, D. H. Loewen, D. H. Koslowsky, and F. F. Klassen. In 1918 and 1920 respectively the settlement established additional secondary schools in Deyevka and Klubnikovo . By 1925-26 all the schools were taken over by the Soviet government and administered according to the Marxian philosophy, which is vividly described by Karl Fast.

In 1923 a Bible school was established in Orenburg by an organization of 61 members. Isaak J. Töws was the chairman, Peter Paethkau secretary, and Gerhard Braun treasurer. Jakob Rogalsky was the first teacher and the instruction was given in the home of G. Derksen in Karaguy . During the second year the school had 47 pupils and Jakob Rempel and Peter Koehn were added as teachers. The instruction was given in the home of David Rempel of Kantserovka. During the third year (1925-26) 67 pupils attended the school and the instruction was given in the Mennonite Brethren Church of Kamenka . The pupils came from various other settlements besides Orenburg. The government closed the school in 1927.

World War I and After

During World War I many of the men were drafted for forestry service and hospital work. In many instances the women had to do the work in the home as well as on the farm. In 1915 some six thousand German nationals were interned in the Mennonite and surrounding villages. The novel Das sibirische Tor by Hans Harder deals at length with this incident. After the war most of them returned to Germany . Only a few Mennonite girls married German nationals and went along to Germany .

During and after the Revolution the Orenburg Mennonites suffered severely, although not as much as some of the Mennonites of the Ukraine . Requisitions of property, grain, horses, etc., were common. In 1921 the Settlement experienced a crop failure and starvation set in. In some of the surrounding villages a large percentage of the population perished. The Mennonites organized a relief committee to collect food for distribution among the starving. An attempt was made to take clothing to Siberia in return for food, but it failed. Some help came in 1921 when the American Mennonite Relief reached Orenburg. D. R. Höppner reached Orenburg in March 1922 and supervised the distribution of relief until August 1924. Some fifteen carloads of food supplies were distributed, not only among Mennonites. In addition to this much was done to improve health conditions among the settlers. American clothing was distributed in 1923-24. American Mennonite Relief also established a tractor service to boost agriculture. Thus the crisis of 1921-22 was gradually overcome.

A great problem for the settlement during the Revolution and the years of civil war was the attacks made by the surrounding nomadic population. Some of the young Mennonites organized a Selbstschutz to defend their lives and property, although this action was officially condemned by the churches.

In the early days of the Soviets the Mennonites of Orenburg were permitted to do alternative service, supported by the settlement. In 1920-22 they worked on a large nearby estate. Later exemption from military service became impossible.

After the Revolution, during the NEP period, the Orenburg Mennonite settlement revived its economic and religious life (as is recorded in the pages of Unser Blatt and Der Praktische Landwirt ). The results of the crop failures of 1921-22 and the following years were gradually overcome. In 1925 a co-operative was founded to raise the quality of the seed and livestock of the settlement. The co-operatives, which proved to be a success, established tractor stations, dairying, etc. From 1 January to 1 September, 36 tons of cheese were produced. Great progress was made in agriculture as well as in the cultural and religious activities of the communities. The total population of the Orenburg Mennonite settlement was 5,767 on 1 February 1926. In 1913 the congregations were centered in Deyevka (since 1899) with 1,103 members and 1,615 minor children, in Klubnikovka with 594 souls, and in Karaguy with 286 souls. The last two belonged to the Mennonite Brethren .

During the NEP period the elders of the Mennonite Church and the Mennonite Brethren Church, Heinrich Rempel and Kornelius Vehr, died and were succeeded by Isaak Krahn and David Janz. The relationship between the two churches improved. One writer states, "As never before the children of God are striving toward unity." Bible studies and song festivals were jointly conducted. Plans were under way to construct one large church for use by both groups. Soon the great change came and religious activities were suppressed and survived only in the hearts of individual believers. Rigid collectivization set in.

Some 300 persons migrated to Canada in 1926 under the leadership of Peter P. Dyck. On 9 September 1926 the group left Orenburg in nine freight cars, arrived at Moscow on 15 September, and at Riga on 18 September, and proceeded to Canada.

When the NEP period came to a close in 1928-29 and the new collectivization program was inaugurated many regretted that they had not left Russia. Among the thousands of refugees reaching Moscow in the fall of 1929 there were many from Orenburg. Most of them, however, were returned; some reached Paraguay and Brazil . Many of those remaining in Russia were exiled. Walter Quiring lists nineteen leading settlers, teachers, and ministers who were exiled at this time.

When the German army invaded Russia, the Orenburg Settlement, unlike most of the other Mennonite settlements of European Russia, was not evacuated. This, however, did not mean that the Settlement did not suffer. The exploitation of the settlers during the dark years of the Revolution continued. Again in 1951 the region of the Orenburg Settlement experienced a drought. All religious services were forbidden. In 1951 a letter says, "Religious funeral services cannot be conducted but we are permitted to sing. Nothing is offered to the children" (by way of spiritual life) ( Mennonitische Rundschau , (30 July 1952): 5, 16).

Conditions changed considerably in 1955. Reports reached relatives in America about conversions, religious revivals, and worship services. Not only did the surviving ministers start to preach, but also many of the converted but unordained young men began to conduct meetings and preach. Worship services and Bible study was conducted in the homes and barns of the various villages. It even became permissible to teach some German in the elementary schools. Baptismal services were held. One report stated that 98 persons from eight villages were baptized at one time in the village of Petrovka. Numerous ministers were ordained. The writers were enthusiastic about the privilege of worshiping again.

A letter published in Der Bote (4 January 1956: 7) reported that a group met regularly for worship services and that the congregation was growing. Abram Dyck was the leading minister. Another letter published in the Mennonitische Rundschau (1 February 1956: 6) reported that a group met regularly for worship in the home of Heinrich Unruh at Kubanka and that David Günter was the minister. During the mid-1950s none of the former meetinghouses had been reopened for worship services. In Romanovka the former schoolhouse became a clubhouse and the church was converted into a schoolhouse.

The economic life changed and improved considerably after World War II . All farming was done on a collective basis. One of the letters of 1955 reported that women did not need to work outdoors during the winter. An old couple by the name of Peter Braun was supported by the collective. A letter published in Der Bote (12 October 1956: 8) stated that three men had married Russian women, that they had enough food and clothing, and that they had just received electric lights and radios. The correspondence showed that the young men were drafted into the Russian army. There were no indications that this was not taken for granted. -- Cornelius Krahn

1990 Update

The Mennonites of the Orenburg (Kitchkass) and the old Neu Samara ( Pleshanov ) settlements were not dislodged and permanently relocated as had been the case with most other Mennonites who lived west of the Volga River before World War II. All the farming communities had been collectivized, of course, and sovietization was carried forward in other aspects of community life as well. The churches were all closed in the Stalin era, and the majority of adults and young people had to join the Trud Armia (labor army) during the war.

The repressions of the late 1940s and early 1950s gave way temporarily to a period of recovery and reconstruction after the death of Stalin in 1953. The end of the special regime ( Spetskomandantura ) restrictions for all Germans came two years later. Most of those who left the Orenburg communities during the preceding decade, if they had survived, were able to return to their home villages in this region.

Revivals, which had begun here as early as the late 1940s, were renewed about this time when the arrested church leaders were released. Small groups were able to meet for worship and fellowship once more. There were, however, more arrests in 1958-62. In 1965 those from the Pleshanov region of the former Neu Samara settlements were freed and church life could be organized here once again.

In April 1972, the Donskoi congregation requested registration, but was not granted the privilege until four years later. Construction of a house of worship began immediately, and in the ensuing years this group had become the largest congregation of the area. Daniel Janzen was the Ältester for most of this period. The congregation numbered about 400 members in 1987.

Among the dozen or more older Mennonite villages of this area there were now registered Mennonite Brethren congregations not only in Donskoi, but also in Podolsk and Ischalka, with unregistered groups active in Klinok, Kahan, Kuterlja, Krassikova, Lugovsk , and Totz Koe. The total Mennonite Brethren membership of this area was around 1,000 baptized members in 1987. Some Kirchliche Mennonites lived in these villages also.

Most of the Kirchliche Mennonite congregations in the Orenburg settlements were located in villages once established by Chortitza families from Ukraine . The Ältester of the total body, Diedrich Thiessen, led his own registered congregation at Kitchkass (No. 12) until his emigration to West Germany. This group had about 100 members. Registered congregations were also found in the villages of Chortitza (No. 1), Petrovka (No. 2), Kanzerovka (No. 3), Zhdanovka (earlier Deyevka ) (No. 5), Nikolaevka (No. 6), Fejodorovka (No. 7), Sol-Iletzk (south of Orenburg), and Stepanovka. Unregistered congregations were active in Dolinovka and Pretoria. Seven of these congregations had their own church buildings, and the total membership was around 700 (1987).

A dozen or more Mennonite Brethren congregations were located in these villages also. At least eight of them built new meetinghouses during the 1970s and 1980s. Each congregation had its own Ältester , and the total membership was more than 1,500. Groups were registered in the following locations: Chortitza, Petrovka, Kanzerovka, Kamenka, Zhdanovka, Fejodorovka, Suvorovka, Pretoria, Kubanka, Stepanovka, lisovo, and Susanovo. Hundreds of former Mennonites found their way into nearby Baptist congregations, notably those in the city of Orenburg itself.

During most of the 1980s emigration had not affected the Orenburg communities as it had the Mennonites of western Siberia and Soviet Central Asia , e.g., Kazakhstan and Kirgizia. The whole area was opened to tourists and other travelers, so that east-west exchanges increased significantly during the late 1980s. However, during the late 1980s and the 1990s, the majority of the Mennonite inhabitants of the Settlement immigrated to Germany. -- Lawrence Klippenstein

Bibliography

Der Bote : 10 February, 7 April, 12 May, 1954; 17 August, 21 September, 12 October, 1955; 4 January, 11 January, 18 January, 22 February, 25 April, 2 May, 1956; 23 January, 1957.

Brucks, J. H. and H. Hooge. Neu Samara am Tock. Clearbrook, BC, 1964.

Courier 2, no. 1 (1987): 1-3.

Derksen, Wilma. Mennonite Reporter (11 November 1985): 2.

Dyck, Peter P. Orenburg am Ural . Yarrow, 1951; 2nd ed. Meckenheim, Germany: Warlich-Druck und Verlagsgeselschaft, m.b.H., 1993.

Ehrt, Adolf. Das Mennonitentum in Russland . Berlin, 1932.

Fast, Karl. Gebt der Wahrheit die Ehre . North Kildonan, 1950.

Fast, Karl. Orenburg: die letzte mennonitische Ansiedlung in Osteuropa . Winnipeg: Das Bunte Fenster, 1995.

Hamm, Abram and Maria Hamm. Die Wege des Herrn sind lauter Gate. Gummersbach: Verlag Friedensstimme, 1985.

Harder, Hans. Das sibirische Tor . Stuttgart, 1938.

Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon , 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. III, 308.

Hiebert, P. C. and Orie O. Miller. Feeding the Hungry . Scottdale, 1929: 353 ff.

Hildebrand, Olga. "Die Orenburger Ansiedlung, 1920-1970." Der Bote (8 January 1986): 5, 8.

Klippenstein, Lawrence. "An Unforgotten Past: Recent Writings by Soviet Emigre Baptists." Religion in Communist Lands, 14, no. 1 (Spring 1986): 17-32.

Mennonitische Rundschau : 9 June, 1948; 18 January, 1950; 18 April, 1951; 6 February, 30 July, 6 August, 1952; 14 April, 12 May, 4 August, 15 September, 29 September, 15 October, 1954; 15 April, 27 April, 18 May, 22 June, 27 July, 10 August, 27 August, 24 August, 12 October, 23 November, 7 December, 1955; 1 February, 7 March, 11 April, 18 April, 30 May, 18 July, 8 August, 24 October, 1956; 9 January, 30 January, 1957.

Der Praktische Landwirt (Moscow, 1926): No. 1, p. 10 ff.; No. 10-11, p. 14.

Redekop, David E. "Gemeindeleben in Russland 1985." Mennonitische Rundschau (27 November 1985): 18-22.

Rempel, J. Der Sowjet Hölle entronnen . Kassel, 1935).

Sawatsky, Walter. "Mennonite Congregations in the Soviet Union Today." Mennonite Life 33 (March 1978): 12-26.

Unser Blatt I (1925): 44; II (1926): 23; III (1927): 91 and 146.

Cite This Article

Krahn, Cornelius and Lawrence Klippenstein. "Orenburg Mennonite Settlement (Orenburg Oblast, Russia)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online . 1989. Web. 17 Sep 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Orenburg_Mennonite_Settlement_(Orenburg_Oblast,_Russia)&oldid=145968 .

Krahn, Cornelius and Lawrence Klippenstein. (1989). Orenburg Mennonite Settlement (Orenburg Oblast, Russia). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online . Retrieved 17 September 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Orenburg_Mennonite_Settlement_(Orenburg_Oblast,_Russia)&oldid=145968 .

Adapted by permission of Herald Press , Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia , Vol. 4, pp. 75-79; vol. 5, pp. 664-665. All rights reserved.

©1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.

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